试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

扬州大学

Most of us have inherited morality from religion, family, education, or society in general, and usually from all these sources, because they share common taboos against killing, stealing, adultery, lying, and so on and a common belief in what constitutes praiseworthy behavior. In some respects, however, these sources can be at odds with each other. Your national assessment of a situation may lead you in one direction, religion, in another; and family tradition, in still another. Life push us into so many quandaries that doing the right thing in every instance becomes exceedingly difficult.

Every country and culture, whether it’s as ancient as India or as young as the Czech Republic, has a history that will greatly affect both the market and the marketer. A market that has been heavily exploited in the past by foreigners will turn a predictably skeptical eye toward any overseas company seeking new sales territory. It may even refuse products that could greatly benefit the society. Understanding that history will enable a marketer to approach the culture in a more subtle manner, and it will certainly cause an adjustment of schedule. On the other end, a culture that has been marked by independence for some time will have few fears of foreign operations and may find the subtle approach far too lackluster and slow.Marketers may bring their own business to the process and should take care to separate themselves, at least emotionally, from their personal and cultural history. Oftentimes, this includes racial prejudices that are difficult to shake, earlier political disagreements that have never been fully settled, of old unhealed war wounds.Let’s look at the race issue first. Companies with Caucasian marketing personnel returning to post-apartheid South Africa are generally plagued with a feeling that they owe something to the new black majority government. It’s a completely self-generated debt as the government is, in reality, overjoyed that investment has returned after the long embargo. However, this joy doesn’t prevent South Africa companies from taking advantage of counterparts’ guilt feelings when it’s time to cut a deal.On the political front, the relationship, between Vietnam and the United States is a prime example of two sets of marketers misinterpreting each other’s history and culture when it came time to do business. Following in the wake of the bloody two-decade war that ended in 1975, the United States and Vietnam finally reopened trade in 1994. The Vietnamese assumed that American business community would heap investment on them to make up for past wrong, while the American thought they would be welcomed as the saviors of Vietnam’s floundering economy. Most of America’s marketers sent to Vietnam were small children during the war, and the conflict had little bearing on their lives. Vietnam’s decision makers on the other hand were primarily veterans of the conflict and saw it as the key element of the relationship. Neither side paid attention to the other’s view of history nor the results have been decidedly disappointing for almost everyone.1. The passage mainly discusses that ____.2. It is advisable for a marketer to ____.3. According to the passage, which of the following is true?4. The Caucasian example indicates that ____.5. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. “I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.The beginning of our sleep-deficit (lack) crises can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. “The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat in their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it,” says Dr. David. “They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally energetic.”Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programs. “In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.”To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr. David. “Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”1. People in the 18th and 19th centuries slept about 9.5 hours a night because they had ____.2. According to Dr. David, Americans ____.3. Many Americans believe that ____.4. The word “subjects” (first sentence, last paragraph) refers to ____.5. It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to ____.

Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion--a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds (关系) among members of groups. Society's economic underpinnings (支柱) would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives(刺激,动力) of any kind, for as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object's physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us--hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are "good" and others are "bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life--from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society uses our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty morality, pride shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal penal (刑法的) system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.1.The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that（）.2.According to the passage, people’s learning activity are possible because they（）.3.It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on （）.4.Emotions are significant for man's survival and adaptation because（）.5.The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they（）.

Flats were almost unknown in Britain until the 1850s when they were developed, along with other industrial dwellings, for the laboring classes. These vast blocks were plainly a 11 means of 12 social conscience by housing large numbers of the ever-present poor on 13 city sites. During the 1880s, however, the idea of living in comfortable residential chambers caught on with the 14 upper and upper middle-classes, and 15 as to the advantages and disadvantages of flat life was a topic of conversation 16 many a 17 dinner table. In Paris and other major European cities, the custom whereby the better-off lived in apartments, or flats, was well 18. Up to the late 19th century in England only bachelor barristers had established the 19 of living in rooms near the Law Court: any self-respecting head of household would insist 20 a West End town house as his London home, the best that his 21 could provide.The 22 of flats for the better-off seems to have developed for a number of reasons. First, perhaps, through the 23 of the railways, which had enabled a wide 24 of people to enjoy a holiday staying in a suite at one of the luxury hotels which had begun to spring up during the previous decade. 25, no doubt, the fact that many of the early luxury flats were similar 26 hotel suites, even being provided with 27 dining rooms and central boilers for hot water and heating. Rents tended to be high to cover overheads, but savings were made 28 by these communal amenities and 29 tenants being able to 30 the number of family servants.

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