试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

中国科学院

TOPICThe English saying that “nice guys finish last” means that people who behave in a fair and pleasant way will not be successful in a competitive situation. What is your comment on this saying?

Previous vigorous economic growth is sputtering and the average Chinese citizen is less enthusiastic about accepting hazardous living conditions as a continual trade-off for economic growth. （1） Despite the literal and figurative grey forecast, I believe in the emerging potential of the Chinese people, in the power of creativity and the combination of those two.China has had its share of “aha” moments contributing to science, technology , art, and more recently to global business successes such as Alibaba, Tencent, and Xiaomi which have proven that China can innovate on a scale rivaling anything in the West.（2） China’s reputation as the “World’s Factory” is accurate only as an eye-catching headline description and I believe the Chinese have, to some extent, been unfairly mislabeled as lacking creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship.In the book, The Invisible Gorilla, authors Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris, bring to light the idea of “inattentional blindness” illustrated by their earlier study in which participants watch a video and are told to focus on a tight cluster of basketball players with the instructions to count the number of passes between them.Almost half of the participants fail to see a person, dressed in a gorilla suit, stroll into view, beats its chest, and walk out of view. Many of us simply miss this obvious distraction because we weren’t expecting to see it. （3） This explains how two people watching the same car wreck can set two completely different things, or how medical instruments left inside people after surgery cannot be seen by x-ray technicians and other physicians.Is the perceived lack of Chinese innovation and inability to think “outside the box another case of inattentional blindness” that Westerners apply to China? Are we just looking for examples of creative solutions through colored lenses based on our expectations of what we think it should look like?（4） A casual stroll down any busy street in China will yield many examples of people making do with the materials and resources at hand often coming up with creative, innovative solutions to problems, obstacles and challenges. They are undervalued, even ignored, because they are just “simple” solutions for daily problems lacking in potential cultural changing meaning or importance.The more we try to define creativity, the more elusive it becomes and seems about as explainable as the miracle of birth. We understand the biology, but only up to the point when magic happens. （5） This is when our understanding stops and we are left standing at the edge of our knowledge, scratching our heads as we marvel at the creation.

The path to a career in medicine in the United States is well defined. Aspiring physicians must earn an undergraduate degree, complete four years of medical school, participate in a minimum of three years of graduate medical training, and pass three national examinations for licensure. （71）Preparation for one of the world's most highly respected careers often starts in high school by taking courses in biology, chemistry, and physics. Preparation continues during college, with particular attention to the courses needed for admission to medical school. Although the specific number of credits required for admission to medical school varies, the minimum college course requirements include one year of biology, two years of chemistry, and one year of physics, all with adequate laboratory experiences. （72） Candidates for admission to medical schools are also expected to have a solid background in English, the humanities, and the social sciences.Typically, the process of applying to medical school begins during the junior year of undergraduate study. One of the first steps is to take the Medical College Admission Test （MCAT） in the spring of the junior year. （73）The American Medical College Application Service （AMCAS） facilitates applying to medical school by centralizing the submission of information and supporting materials. Students submit one set of application materials and one official transcript to AMCAS, which in turn distributes the information to participating institutions as designated by the applicant. （74）Admission committees, composed of faculty members from the basic and clinical sciences departments, screen and prioritize the applications. Academic ability and personal qualities are used to discern applicants’ qualifications for medical school. Academic ability is measured in terms of grades on undergraduate courses （with emphasis on the required science courses） and MCAT scores. （75） Most admission committees look for well-rounded individuals and strive to admit a diversified class.A. Loans, primarily sponsored by the federal government, are the major source of financial aid for medical school.B. Medical schools may require or strongly recommend taking mathematics and computer science courses in college, though only a small number demand a specific sequence of mathematics courses.C. An undergraduate major in the sciences is not a mandatory requirement for admission to medical school.D. Becoming a physician also demands a desire to work with people; intellectual, emotional, and physical stamina; and an ability to think critically to solve complex problems.E. Deadlines for receiving applications are determined by the individual medical schools.F. The test is designed to measure knowledge in the biological and physical sciences, the ability to read and interpret information, and communication skills.

You might be wondering whether it would be easier to wait for medicine to develop high-tech gene therapies to correct any genetic weaknesses you have or might develop as you age. The problem with that line of thinking is that you may be dead before such research produces any benefits for the majority of people.（66） For example, reports of a “breast-cancer gene,” a “heart-disease gene”, or an “obesity gene” suggest that a single faulty gene causes each of these diseases. If this were the case, it might be relatively easy to develop gene therapies. But the “one gene, one disease” view is overly simplistic. （67） The truth is that only a very small number of people have “smoking gun” genes that predispose them to obesity, diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease, or other disorders.Although you don’t read about it very often, genetic research has clearly shown that degenerative diseases are actually “polygenic”. （68） Up to 5,000 malfunctioning genes set the stage for cardiovascular disease, almost 300 wayward genes are involved in asthma, and 140 faulty genes contribute to the problem of failing memory. And with the complex interplay of 30,000 genes and 3 billion units of DNA, it may very well be impossible ever to design truly effective multi-gene therapies to treat common diseases.（69） In most instances they have simply failed to work, and sometimes patients have developed cancer or died from mysterious causes. For example, many researchers have used genetically modified viruses to deliver disease-treating DNA. In some human experiments, these viruses missed their target and instead attached to the wrong gene, causing leukemia. （70）The massive research effort to turn gene therapy into a marketable product has for the most part ignored how genes depend on proper nourishment. Many scientists have been forced to accept the fact that thirty thousand genes cannot by themselves account for the phenomenal complexity of the human body. It is now becoming clear that vitamins and other nutrients directly and indirectly serve as cofactors in gene activity.A. That is, most diseases involve hundreds and sometimes thousands of genes that go wrong.B. But the science behind nutrition and genetics is solid, and nutrition has the advantage of helping without causing harm.C. The reason is that a lot of gene research has been misguided by wishful thinking and oversold to investors and the general public.D. The consequences of manipulating genes are often unpredictable, largely because of their inherent complexity.E. Another problem is that despite billions of dollars of research, gene therapies have so far been an utter failure.F. Only about 10 percent of women with breast cancer have one of the so-called breast-cancer genes.

Last weekend, two new movies opened in art houses to mixed-to-positive notices. A Place At The Table, a documentary about hunger in America, got kinder reviews overall than Park Chan-wook’s dark coming-of-age film Stoker, with a 68 Metacritic score to Stoker’s 59. And I can understand why the numbers broke down like they did: A Place At The Table provides a lot of good information about the facts and myths behind a problem that affects upward of 50 million people, and it ought to leave any conscientious person seething with outrage. Stoker, for all its directorial flourishes, has trouble overcoming a scenario far more banal than the gothic mystique that swirls around it.And yet, rhetorically, I can’t understand it at all. I’ve often argued that the “movieness” of movies is undervalued—that we accept the indifferent, workmanlike craft of deliberate mediocrities over flashier, more conspicuous failures. But the “movieness” of documentaries rarely becomes an issue, which only encourages the stereotype of the documentary as a hearty gruel of talking heads and archival footage, spooned out as artlessly as the school lunches A Place At The Table criticizes so vociferously.The thinking that documentaries need merely to seek or present some kind of truth, regardless of how those truths are presented, strikes me as dated at a time when the elasticity of the format is constantly being tested. Why should documentaries be forgiven any more than fiction films for failing to use the medium expressively or dynamically? Why give a pass to bland info-dumps like A Place At The Table?“I hate most documentaries,” said Lucien Castaing-Taylor, co-director of the impressionistic new fishing doc Leviathan. “The moment I feel like I’m being told what to think about something, I feel that I want to resist the authority of the documentarian. We’re more interested in making films that are more open-ended, that ask the spectators to make their own conclusions. We’re always implicitly, if not explicitly, fighting against how bad documentary is. Documentary claims to have this privileged purchase on a truthful version of reality—it’s not fiction, this is the real—but most documentaries’ representation of the real is so attenuated and so discourse-based and language-based. We lie and we mystify ourselves with words. Words can only take us so far.”60. .What is true about A Place At The Table?61. .Which of the following is the best equivalent to the word “banal”?62. .In Paragraph 2, the author （）.63. .What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?64. .Lucien Castaing-Taylor hates documentaries because （）.65. .The reality most documentaries represent is （）.

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