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Researchers have recently found a connection between diseases and stressful situations. To test this theory, psychologists are trying to find a link between the brain and the immune system.Our bodies are likely to get various diseases and it depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness.Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factor and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune system function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease.Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness. For example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. They found that the sick students there had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses and found that the nurses who developed cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people.In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i. e., people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined some white blood cells which are an important part of the immune system. They were not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severe psychological stress, such as a loved one’s death, may damage an important part of our immune system.There is still no positive proof of a connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often sleep and eat less than normal, or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors.1.The study on the military school students indicated that ________.2.The immune system ________.3. In the past, many doctors ________.4.The study of recently bereaved people shows that ________.5.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

I had two routine checkups last week, and both the eye doctor and the dentist asked me to update my health history for their records. Their requests made sense. Health-care providers should know what problems their patients have had and what medications they’re taking to be on the lookout for potential trouble or complications.On each history, however, the section labeled Family Health History gave me pause. Few diseases are purely genetic, but plenty have genetic components. If my father suffered from elevated LDL, or bad cholesterol, my doctor should know that, because I’m probably at higher risk. If my mother had breast cancer, my sister (if I had one) would want her physician to be especially vigilant.While I know something about the history of my parents’ health—my father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson’s disease, and my mother died of lung cancer—there’s plenty I don’t know. What were my parents’ cholesterol numbers and blood pressures? I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes, but I can’t swear to that. And when it comes to my grandparents, whose genes I also have, I’m even more in the dark.That makes me fairly typical. According to Dr. Richard Carmona, the U. S. Surgeon General, only about a third of Americans have even tried to put together a family-health history. That’s why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day. Sitting around the turkey talking about cancer and heart disease may seem like a grim thing to do when you’re supposed to be giving thanks for everything that’s going right. But since many families will be gathering for the holiday anyway, it’s a perfect time to create a medical family tree.And the Surgeon General is making it easy: if you go to hhs. gov/familyhistory, you can use the Frequently Asked Questions link to find out which diseases tend to run in families, which ones you should be most and least worried about, and what to do if, like me, your parents and grandparents have passed away. You can also download a free piece of software called My Family Health Portrait, which helps you organize the information. The program prints that out in an easy-to-read form you can give to your doctors.The website insists the software is “fun”, but that may be going a bit far. In any case, it’s available only for Windows machines, so Mac users and people without computers have to use a printed version of the tree. It’s worth it, though, since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday.1.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.2.The statement “I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes, but I can’t swear to that.” (Paragraph 3) implies that ________.3.Family health report is very important because ________.4.Dr. Richard Carmona suggests that ________.5.What can we infer from the last paragraph?

The novel coronavirus pandemic has _1_ the education of about 300 million students across the world. Over 160 countries have shut down schools nationwide, which _2_ the pandemic poses an unprecedented challenge on the education system, and could change our idea of education from in-person teaching in brick-and-mortar classes on campuses to online classes.The education-related problem was not deferred for very long. In China, in two to three weeks, solutions to those problems, from the local to the national levels, started _3_. With more cities in the United States reporting an increase in confirmed coronavirus cases, the provost of Stanford University _4_ the cancellation of all in-person class meetings, and said classes that required in-person instruction _5_ to the online format. And the University of Washington took the same action._6_, it takes three basic elements to move an entire school or university online: determination, broadband and broadcast. So there is a high possibility that more educational institutions, including universities, will shift to online teaching to _7_ “normal” classes.Could the _8_ shift to online education also _9_ a paradigm shift? Is online education sustainable, at least parallel to normal school teaching? And can it fundamentally change the nature of school teaching? Or will online teaching _10_ with the end of the pandemic? Only an in-depth, long-term research can give us the correct answers

“The [sobering] reality,” Dunstan says, “is that across a 14- or 15-hour waking day, we’re getting 55 to 75 percent sedentary time.”

If doctors estimate a very low probability of a positive outcome for a premature baby in their care, parents often [hold on to] that low probability.

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