试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

中南大学

Directions: Write an essay of about 250 to 300 words on the topic “Qualities of Labor and Society Development” according to the idea given below in Chinese. Write your essay on Answer Sheet II clearly and neatly.据媒体报道，国内某高校教学人员去年底宣布基因编辑（gene-editing）婴儿诞生。该研究对双胞胎胚胎体（twin embryos）的一个基因经过修改（modification），使她们出生后即能天然抵抗艾滋病，是世界首例免疫艾滋病（immunization against AIDS）的基因编辑婴儿。研究者坚持认，其研究目的并不是治疗或者防止遗传性疾病，而是要尽力保留有少数人才具有的特征，即天然抵抗某些艾滋病毒。但消息一发出就引发公众对该项研究的安全性与伦理性的和法律层面的激烈争议和深思。这是现代科学发展中科学研究兴趣和技术与人类的基本伦理原则、道德理念和社会法律构架相悖的案例。请你结合自己的专业学术历程谈谈你对这个问题的分析和看法。

现在全球面临的问题是我们的经济一直坚持的是一种短视的做法，尽可能低廉地生产和消费产品，这会形成一种基于快速使用，丢弃和更新的线性经济模式。要保持这种经济模式，就需要取之不尽，唾手可得的资源，同时有无穷无尽的废品安置场所，这显然是不可能的。为了找到一个可持续的替代方式，我们只需向自然界学习，因为在自然界，所有的一切都被充分利用。例如森林里物种的生活周期与四季更迭完美协调。这保证了一定程度上的生命复原力和持续力。我们的经济生活也应该努力效仿，构建循环性的经济体系。

Ideally, people would like to know when an earthquake is going to happen and how bad it will be. People have long believed that earthquakes can be forecast. In Japan, scientists have wired the Earth and sea to detect movements. The Chinese have traditionally watched animals and plants for warning signs of earthquakes. (1) Certain birds, like pigeons, also seemed to be especially noisy, and were reported to be flying in unusual patterns before the earthquake. Perhaps most interesting, and most easily measured, is a chemical change in ground water before a quake. Experimental data seem to indicate that the amount of radon (氡) in the water under the surface of the Earth waxes before an earthquake.Every family needs to have earthquake emergency plans. How will family members leave the area during the chaos following and earthquake? Everyone should agree on a meeting point outside the area—perhaps in a town several miles away. (2) Also important is an arrangement for family member to communicate if there is an earthquake in case that an earthquake happens in a large city, many of the telephone lines within the city are likely to be down. The few remaining working lines will be busy with the calls that naturally occur after a disaster and it will be difficult to call from one part of the city to another. It might, however, be possible to call outside the city. (3) A sensible arrangement is to have all of the members of the family call to check in with a friend or relative who lives more than a hundred miles away.(4) Although scientists still cannot predict earthquakes, they are learning a great deal about how the large plates in the earth’s crust move, the stresses between plates, how earthquakes work, and the general probability that a given place will have an earthquake. Someday soon it may actually become possible to predict earthquakes with accuracy. (5) However, even if prediction becomes possible, people who live in areas where earthquakes are a common occurrence will still have to do their best to prevent disasters by building structures that are resistant to ground movement and by being personally prepared. These precautions can make a great difference in saving lives and preventing the loss of homes. Education concerning bow to survive an earthquake should be a major emphasis for all government programs and earthquake-related research projects.

Socrates gives us a basic insight into the nature of teaching when he compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwife. Just as the midwife assists the body to give birth to new life, so the teacher assists the mind to deliver itself of ideas, knowledge, and understanding. The essential notion here is that teaching is a humble, helping art. The teacher does not produce knowledge or stuff ideas into an empty, passive mind. It is the learner, not the teacher, who is the active producer of knowledge and ideas.The ancients distinguish the skills of the physician and the farmer from those of the shoemaker and the house builder. Aristotle calls medicine and agriculture cooperative arts, because they work with nature to achieve results that nature is able to produce by itself. Shoes and houses would not exist unless men produced them; but the living body attains health without the intervention of doctors, and plants and animals grow without the aid of farmers. The skilled physician or farmer simply makes health or growth more certain and regular.Teaching, like farming and healing, is a cooperative art which helps nature do what it can do itself — though not as well without it. We have all learned many things without the aid of a teacher. Some exceptional individuals have acquired wide learning and deep insight with very little formal schooling. But for most of us the process of learning is made more certain and less painful when we have a teacher’s help.One basic aspect of teaching is not found in the other two cooperative arts that work with organic nature. Teaching always involves a relation between the mind of one person and the mind of another. The teacher is not merely a talking book, a living phonograph record, broadcast to an unknown audience. He enters into a dialogue with his student. This dialogue goes far beyond mere “talk,” for a good deal of what is taught is transmitted almost unconsciously m the personal interchange between teacher and student. We might get by with encyclopedias, phonograph records, and TV broadcasts if it were not for this intangible element, which is present in every good teacher-student relation.Speaking simply and in the broadest sense, the teacher shows the student how to find out, evaluate, judge, and recognize the truth. He does not impose a fixed content of ideas and doctrines that the student must learn by rote. He teaches the student how to learn and think for himself. He encourages rather than suppresses a critical and intelligent response.The student’s response and growth is the only reward suitable for such a labor of love. Teaching, the highest of the cooperative arts, is devoted to the good of others. It is an act of supreme generosity. St. Augustine calls it the greatest act of charity.1. Socrates compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwife, because ( ).2. The skills of the physician and the farmer differ from those of the shoemaker and the house builder in that ( ).3. The chief difference between a teacher and a farmer is that ( ).4. According to the passage the role of a teacher is ( ).

The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time. Development was retarded, however, until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleogene. This led in Eocene time to increase in average size, larger mental capacity, and special adaptations for different modes of life. In the Oligocene Epoch, there was fun her improvement, with some appearance of some new lines and extinction of others. Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of several groups and continued approach toward modern characters. The peak of the career of mammals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that of the reptiles in Mesozoic time, and except for greater intelligence, the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms. The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur, but the dolphin and whale ore hardly more fishlike than the ichthyosaur. Many swift-running mammals of the plains, like the horse and the antelope, must excel any of the dinosaurs. The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal, but the lion or tiger is probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain.The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually filled themselves for all sorts of life, grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse, deer, bison), living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus, beaver), dwelling in trees (sloth, monkey), digging underground (mole, rodent), feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and plain (wolf), swimming in the sea (dolphin, whale, seal) and flying in the air (bat). Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.This adaptation produces gradual changes of form and structure. It is biologically characteristic of the youthful, plastic stage of a group. Early in its career, an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change, which, as the unit becomes old and fixed, disappears. The generalized types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required, and it is from them that new, fecund stocks take origin — certainly not from any specialized end products. So, in the mammals, we witness the birth, plastic spread in many directions, increasing specialization, and in some branches, the extinction, which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.1. In chronological order, the geologic periods are ( ).2. From this passage, we may conclude that the pterosaur ( ).3. That the mammals succeeding the reptile in geologic time were superior is illustrated by the statement that the ( ).4. The statements made by the writer are based on evidence ( ).

上一页

1 / 76