试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

中国科学院

Though few patients realize it, many doctors receive thousands of dollars from pharmaceutical companies for each patient enrolled in an experimental drug trial. The medication might be the best thing for the patient’s condition. The doctor’s motives might be pure. But patients should be able to find out about such payments so they can discuss them with their doctors and decide for themselves whether the doctor’s participation in an experiment might compromise his medical advice.A provision of the 2010 healthcare reform law should bring new transparency about these and other corporate payments to physicians—including lavish dinners, gifts and industry-sponsored conventions that are more luxury vacations than medical conferences—by publishing the information in an online database. But the final regulations to implement the Physician Payment Sunshine Act were supposed to be published in October 2011; the database was supposed to go live later this year. Instead, the regulations are 15 months overdue.As with the new food-safety act regulations, the sunshine rules have been drawn up by the appropriate agency but have been held up by the Office of Management and Budget. One theory for the delay, advanced by critics of the administration, is that President Obama wanted to avoid issuing regulations during election season, when the extent of government’s reach was a contentious issue. That would be a poor excuse, if true. In any case, the election is over; at this point the delay smacks more of bureaucratic inefficiency than political expediency.Most physicians put their patients’ well-being first, but a study showed that doctors who receive food from a company are more likely to prescribe that company’s products, even though they might not be doing it consciously.The sunshine act isn’t as strong as it should have been. Ideally, doctors would be the ones doing the divulging, making information about payments and gifts they have received readily available in their examining rooms. Not all patients will know about the online database or possess the savvy to use it. But the rules nonetheless are expected to influence behavior; public disclosure will make both physicians and drug companies more circumspect.One question in the minds of consumer advocates is how much disclosure will reveal. For instance, if a company gives a doctor a large sum to lead a drug trial and that doctor spreads the money among other physicians who enroll patients, it’s unclear whether those payments would be reported as coming from the drug company.54. .It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that （）.55. From pharmaceutical companies, physicians may receive （）.56. .This passage was published around （）.57. .Which of the following is TRUE about the Sunshine Act?58. .The word “circumspect” in Paragraph 5 most probably means （）.59. .According to the author, the sunshine act is not as strong as it should have been because （）.

The question of who lives at the expense of whom in the EU and who owes whom, migrants to the local population, or vice versa, is the most discussed in Europe. The issue is not foreign to the UK that has been promoting its policy of multiculturalism for many years. Pravda (a Russian newspaper) talked to experts to find out whether this policy was advantageous.Britain in recent decades has been flooded with immigrants from former colonies, which led to an increase in ethnic tensions in the country. The attempts to implement a policy of multiculturalism (failed in other European countries) have failed in the UK as well. This has been repeatedly stated by European political leaders. Kind statements by politicians and talk of tolerance could not quite muffle the mutual dislike. In the spring of 2013 in South London two British citizens of Nigerian origin killed a British soldier Lee Rigby, stabbing him in front of startled citizens. After this incident, Britain has faced a wave of anti-Muslim protests.It is important to remember that the vast majority of immigrants come from the former colonies of Great Britain. Liberation of the colonies has happened not that long ago. The last colony of the British Empire has gotten rid of oppression only in the second half of the 20th century.The colonial policy was replaced by the policy of multiculturalism, as immigrants from former colonies rushed into the UK and other European countries. These people were driven by dire necessity, to escape hunger and poverty they faced in the countries ruined by the colonial regime. The former colonizers have greeted them warmly. They offered social benefits, language courses, and education—everything to help the immigrants to adapt. Has an understanding been reached, or have the immigrants remained foreigners? Are the words of tolerance a mere formality with a fire of hatred smoldering beneath?Andrei Kulikov, a Senior Researcher with the Center for British Studies responded to the question of Pravda as follows:“The relationship of cultures, ethnicities, and races is currently a serious problem for the UK. When developing new educational standards, there are attempts to combine different cultural components. According to the last census, in some cities of England the number of immigrants is nearly equal to that of the indigenous population. One of the problems is that the newcomers tend to settle compactly, forming if not enclaves, then something similar to them.”48. The most discussed issue in Europe is （）.49. .The underlined word in Para. 2 is closest in meaning to （）.50. .What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?51. .People in colonies immigrated to Europe to （）.52. .According to the passage, multiculturalism policy （）.53. .What is true about the British population?

Why are New York, Paris and Seoul losing people? To some observers, particularly the champions of the small and the suburban, this suggests an increasing irrelevance. To me, that’s missing the point.The shrinking of big-city populations has been both oversold and misinterpreted. Population is growing in some global cities, like Shanghai, London and Chicago. And in global cities where population is falling or stagnating, from New York to Manila, there is an inflow of highly educated 20- to 35-year-olds, along with an outflow of the very young and the old. What’s happening is a brutal triage: apartments that once held families now hold one single investment banker. And the space required by that single banker for offices, restaurants and shops can be two, three, four times more than that required by the family he or she replaces.This is, in part, why the urban glamour zone is expanding in all these cities, often dramatically. Shanghai has built 5,000 high-rises in just the past seven years, New York has transformed Times Square from derelict to prime real estate, and despite more than a decade of warnings about its imminent demise, Hong Kong’s property market still has so much momentum, it’s continuing to eat up more of its famous harbor. In global cities, fewer people often means more intense economic activity. If anything, the elites who populate these glamour zones need more specialized services than ever, because the more countries one operates in, the more complex the challenges become. Indeed, one of the most powerful but overlooked forces in the world economy today is the simple fact that firms, from agriculture to finance, are buying more services. Consider that while U.S. output grew at a 4.1 percent rate from 1999 to 2003, the U.S. output for finance, insurance and real estate grew 7.6 percent overall. Most economists have yet to pick up on the power of this trend, or what it means for big cities.The general rule is that the most complex and international services （high-end law, accounting, finance and management） congregate in the center, while more standardized and national segments of those same services get farmed out to midsize cities. Thus Goldman Sachs has moved a whole series of more standardized jobs including automated mass trading to New Jersey and Connecticut, but is building what is probably the world’s largest private trading floor in the Wall Street area.42. What can be inferred from the first paragraph?43. Shanghai, London and Chicago are mentioned in Paragraph 2 to show （）.44. The smaller population needs more space in big cities because single bankers （）.45. What do Shanghai, New York and Hong Kong have in common?46. How do most economists respond to firms’ buying more services?47. What is true about Goldman Sachs?

Not long ago, I stood on a corner near my home and watched as some of the 42,000 men, women and children participating in Boston’s Walk for Hunger strode by. Their 20-mile round-trip trek was a success, raising $3.6 million for food banks. It was as if, by burning calories, they were feeding the hungry.Still, the logic that united the walkers, the donors and the hungry mystified me. After years of witnessing such events I still wonder why we must be a nation in motion to secure aid for the needy. Why are benefactors moved by the sight of urban hordes headed for the suburbs and back? Why do such exertions trigger the charitable impulse?What I saw that morning in Boston was a resource diverted from its true purpose. Imagine those 210,000 man-hours (42,000 times a five-hour walk) put into direct service to benefit the poor. Think of the houses that might be built, roofs repaired, gardens planted and harvested, public spaces improved, and meals delivered to shut-ins.In the charitable ritual that has evolved, two sides expend energy, but only the sponsors’ efforts directly aid the poor. The others’ is pure sweat equity that goes nowhere but down the necks of the participants. Consider, too, the public resources expended: the rescue squads and medics along the way, the police sealing off urban arteries, the snarling of traffic. I do not question the sincerity of the participants, but in these mass mobilizations I see many lost opportunity costs. I recognize the value of exercise and companionship, but question why society values these schemes.The easy explanation, of course, is that there would be no giving—or not nearly so much—without the walks. Fund-raisers recognize that the nobility of giving is often stimulated by activities that conjoin the selfless with self-interest. For giving, we often offer value received. Raffles and auctions and naming rights are among the inducements used to win support. But that’s not what’s going on here.Those who oversee such fund-raising spectacles argue that there is more to these events than meets the eyes—mine included. These walks and runs are incubators for future volunteers and donors. They constitute a public proclamation that others matter. They make the invisible visible. More to the point, it is easier to get relatives, friends and colleagues to open their pocketbooks than it is to win over the largess of strangers.36. 42,000 people walked for 20 miles to （）.37. What puzzled the author?38. In the third paragraph, the author thought that （）.39. According to the writer, in charity efforts, （）.40. The writer is doubtful about （）.41. The strength of the fund-raising activities is （）.

Exercise can be a time-consuming affair for people who lead busy lives. Some merely use it as an excuse to （21） their personal fitness responsibilities, but others really do face a dilemma. Successful business executives often do not have much time for （22） workouts. And whenever they do have the time, they usually don’t feel up to it.It is a fact of modern life that time equals money. However, time （23） equals health! It is no use having all the riches in the world （24） poor health won’t allow us to enjoy it. Our health is a priceless commodity. （25） how much money we spend on state-of-the-art fitness equipment, expensive nutritional supplements （26） trendy health club memberships, our personal fitness will always be a long-term （27） that requires a minimum amount of time and effort.（28） research suggests that exercise does not have to take up much of your day. Moderate activities done at （29） throughout the day can be as beneficial as demanding, serious workouts. Forget the rigid workout schedules. Do whatever you can （30） you can, as long as you do it on a regular basis. Short bits of exercise can be just as （31） as long workouts. Traditional recommendations stated that people had to exercise （32） for at least 30 minutes at least three times a week to obtain health benefits. More （33） recommendations state that short bouts of activity of at least 10 minutes （34）, several times a day, can be just as effective. Try to （35） 30 minutes or more a day of moderately strenuous activities on most days of the week. It all adds up in the end!

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