试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

西安交通大学

Passage 1Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America, but this year’s is a big lie. Until last week, it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities, concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool, barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight, the U.S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half. Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. Profit margins are narrow, demand is fickle and, because each year’s flu virus is different, any leftover vaccine goes to waste. Experts are hoping that this year’s fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. In fact, many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign—encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.Passage 2Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person who is fully relaxed only among people he knows well. In the presence of strangers or foreigner she often seems inhibited, even embarrassed. You have only to witness a city train any morning or evening to see the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or having a light sleep in a corner; no one speaks. In fact, to do so would seem most unusual. An Englishman, pretending to be giving advice to overseas visitors, once suggested, “On entering a railway carriage shake hands with all the passengers.” Needless to say, he was not being serious. There is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, if broken, makes the person immediately suspect.Passage 3The principal lines of development of machinery have been an increase in the speed of operation to obtain high rates of production, improvement in accuracy to obtain quality and economy in the product, and minimization of operating costs. These three requirements have led to the evolution of complex control systems. The most successful production machinery is that in which the mechanical design of the machine is closely integrated with the control system, whether the latter is mechanical or electrical in nature. A modern conveyor for the manufacture of automobile engines is a good example of the mechanization of a complex series of manufacturing processes. Developments are in hand to automate production machines, further, using computers to store and process the vast amount of data required for manufacturing a variety of components with a small number of versatile machine tools. One aim is a completely automated machine shop for batch production.

Passage 1对于阿尔茨海默（Alzheimer's）病来说，那是个重要的星期。美国公共广播公司（PBS）播出了一部有关阿尔茨海默病的优秀纪录片《遗忘》。此外，科学界喜讯频传，给众多与病魔做斗争的家庭以及可能患病的生育高峰出生的一代带来了希望。虽然目前还没有治愈的办法，但科学家们在若干前沿领域的研究取得了新的成果。包括大剂量服用维生素；联合治疗和大脑成像技术等。Passage 2渴望提高效率的人们总是以克服浪费时间的习惯作为起点，但我却认为那是错误的。培养个人习惯来的要慢一些，首先要明确目的。如果你没有明确目的，只是尝试用高效的习惯去排挤无效的习惯，那结果只有失败。你需要一个宏大的，有吸引力的目标来激发自己。能从工作时间时挤出15分钟的原因，就是因为你由于更好地利用这15分钟产生的激情。Passage 31957年发射的第一颗人造卫星使美国大为震惊，并促使他们釆取行动。在这一过程中，美国人提出了卫星导航系统的构想，并称其为GPS。它彻底地解决了在地球这个三维空间中如何确定位置的问题。GPS技术己被用于各种活动，但其最高机密是其作为钟表的价值。和银行、电讯、甚至电力网等相关的对时间要求较高的一些作业已越来越依赖GPS。

Directions:Different people have different ideas about “future”. Some people understand it as pain and death; some believe it means hope and expectation; still others regard it as somewhere you reach within an hour of sixty minutes. What is your own idea and how would you support it?Write a composition about it of at least 150 words. You can either use the given title “FUTURE”, or make some slight changes as you like.

Sleep is a funny thing. We’re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke—probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn’t have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person’s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don’t think twice about operating without enough sleep.“I could tell you horror stories,” says Jays Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours,” one writes. “I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.”“Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work,” writes another. “I know of three who have hit parked cars... Another hit a ‘Jersey barrier’ on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m.p.h.” “Your own patients have become the enemy,” writes a third, because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep.”Agrawal’s organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York State’s regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government.”The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is a place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you’re worried about the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.1. We can learn from the first paragraph that ______.2. Speaking of the sleep problems doctors’ face, the author implies that______.3. Paragraphs 3 and 4 are written to______.4. By “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government” (line 6, paragraph 5), Dr. Charles Binkley means that______.5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?

Death comes quickly in the mountains. Each winter holiday makers are caught unawares as they happily ski away from the fixed runs, little realizing that a small avalanche can send them crashing in a bone-breaking fall down the slope and leave them buried under tons of crisp white snow. There are lots of theories about how to avoid disaster when hit by an avalanche. Practice is normally less cheerful.The snow in the Salzburg of Austria where a recent disaster took place was typical avalanche material. For several days before the incident I had skied locally. Early winter snow was wearing thin and covered with ice. On top of that new, warmer flakes were gently falling to produce a dangerous carpet. To the skier who enjoys unmarked slopes it is tempting stuff, deep new power snow on a hard base—the skiing that dreams are made of and sometimes nightmares.Snow falls in sections like a cake. Different sections have different densities because of the temperatures at the time of the fall and in the weeks afterwards. Problems come when any particular section is too thick and not sticking to the section beneath. The snow of the past few weeks had been falling in rather higher temperatures than those of December and early January. The result of these conditions is that even a slight increase in the temperatures sends a thin stream of water between the new snow and the old. Then the new snow simply slides off the mountain.Such slides are not unexpected. Local citizens know the slopes which tend to avalanche and the weather in which such slides are likely. Traps are set to catch the snow or prevent it slipping; bombs are placed and exploded from time to time to set off small avalanches before a big one has time to build up; and above all, skiers are warned not to ski in danger areas.In spite of this, avalanches happen in unexpected areas and, of course, skiers ignore the warnings. The one comfort to recreational skiers, however, is that avalanche incidents on the marked ski slopes are quite rare. No ski resort wants the image of being a death trap.1. Each winter holiday makers in the mountains come face to face with death because ______.2. According to the writer, skiing conditions in the Salzburg area of Austria before the accident happened were ______.3. In areas where avalanches are known to happen ______.4. Although accidents do happen, skiers will be reasonably safe if ______.

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