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西安交通大学

Passage 1当然，水的质量及其他许多环境问题和人类健康问题密切相关。虽然许多过去的疾病危害已经得到控制甚至消灭，但一些旧疾病至今仍能置人于死地，而且，人类面临越来越多的新型疾病的攻击威胁。某些新的致命病毒的杀伤力更强大，蔓延的速度更快。人类迫切需要新的医疗技术和方法。Passage 2近年来随着传感器和无线移动设备的飞速发展，随时随地获得个人位置成为可能。一方面，促进了基于位置服务的飞速发展，另一方面，个人位置隐私泄露的问题引超人们的广泛关注。由于移动环境中位置信息的特殊性，造成无法直接利用现有的关系数据库隐私保护技术。Passage 3再次，管理具有二重性，管理科学只是管理自然属性的一种表现、它并不能解决管理社会属性的全部问题。其自然属性是可以并有望科学化的，但是其社会属性只能通过正确处理人际关系来解决。从这个角度上讲，管理应当属于人文科学和社会科学，或者说管理科学具有很强的人文性质。

TOPIC: Do you want to take a job that is well-paying but demands highly or a job that pays you moderately but demands lightly? Please choose one option and write an essay of at least 150 words. Please use adequate material to support your position.

Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man. They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married. The young people’s parents shook their heads. “You can’t get married yet,” they said. “Wait till you get a good job with good prospects.” So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married. They were still poor, of course. They didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that didn’t matter. The young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, ail the latest electrical appliances and a car. The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lives. And so ends another modern romantic fable.We live in a materialistic society and are trained form our earliest years to be acquisitive. Our possessions, “mine” and “yours” are clearly labeled from early childhood. When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surprise us to discover that success is measured in terms of money you earn. We spend the whole of our lives keeping up with the Joneses. If we buy a new television set, a Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one. If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will get one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself. The most amusing thing about this game is that the Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with the mare spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a Suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.It is not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets, out to create new markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheel of industry must be kept turning. “Built-in obsolescence” provides the means: good are made to be discarded. Cars get tinnier and tinnier. You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere: i.e. to a bigger wage packet. The demand for skilled personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and “fringe benefits” are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the “brain drain”, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and poor, poorer.1. From the first paragraph, we can infer that ______.2. The expression “keep up with the Joneses” might mean ______.3. According to the author ______.4. What’s the best title for the passage?5. We can infer that more people past acquired knowledge ______.6. “Brain drain” means ______.7. We can infer that brain drain ______.

Of all figures from America’s past, Abraham Lincoln is dearest to the hearts of the American people. In fact, the admiration they have for him borders on worship. Writers note that the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC is not unlike the temples that ancient Greeks built in honor of their goods, and that annual ceremonies of celebrating Lincoln’s birthday in schools and public places have sometimes had characteristics of religious services. Certainly Lincoln is America’s ideal of a great leader. He had many of the quality of leadership that Americans admire.First of all, Lincoln’s career fits popular American belief that every child can dream of becoming president. Americans admire the person—the one who, with neither money nor family influence, fights his or her way to the top. Lincoln was born of poor parents. His mother died when he was young. He had little opportunity for schooling. His early study was done alone at night by the light of a fireplace. He did hard manual labor through the day—splitting rails for fences, taking care of livestock, working on riverboat—or in store. But as he grew older he studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer. He was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. His ability finally made a name for him and eventually he became president of the United States.Lincoln is also admired because of his leadership during the difficult period of the Civil War. He dared to do what he thought was right at a time when his beliefs were unpopular with many people. He, in a sense, represents the spirit of union among the states. Before the Civil war, the economy of the South depended on an agricultural system which made use of slave labor. When reformers in the northern states, put pressure on Congress not to permit to secede or withdraw, from the United States, they argued that the question of slavery was a matter for the individual states to decide rather than the federal government, and they did not want to accept its decision. The national government said that no state had the right to secede, and the Civil War was the result. If the south had won the war, what is the Unites States might well have been divided into several countries. Lincoln worked hard to preserve the union, and the northern states were victorious.Furthermore, Lincoln had many personal qualities that made him dear to the hearts of his country man. He had infinite patience and tolerance for those who disagreed with him. As president, he appointed men to high government positions whom he considered most capable, even though some of them openly scorned him. He was generous to his opponents. There are many stories about his thoughtful treatment of southern leaders. When the war was over, he showed the South no hatred. Since generosity toward a defeated opponent is admired by Americans, Lincoln fitted the national idea of what is right.Shortly after the Civil War ended, Lincoln, was shot while attending a play in Washington Theater. He died within a few hours. The uncontrolled emotional reaction of the nation to his death was almost unbelievable and demonstrated the deep esteem in which he was held. Newspapers were edged with black; religious leaders gave praise of Lincoln instead of their prepared sermons. His funeral procession in Washington was miles long. Lincoln’s body was taken by train back to his former home in Springfield, Illinois, but in all the major cities through which the train passed, the coffin was paraded through streets lined with sorrowful thousands. In the small towns through which the train passed bells rang in honor of the dead president. Citizens lit torches along the railroad track to show their last respects.The circumstances of his death set Lincoln apart from other American leaders. Had Lincoln lived, it might well be that his postwar policies would have brought criticisms upon him that would have tarnished his popularity. Instead, an assassin’s bullet erased in the minds of Americans any faults he had and emphasized his virtues.1. What are the aspects that made Lincoln ideal of a great leader?2. Lincoln’s beliefs used to be ______.3. From the last paragraph it could be inferred that ______.4. From the second paragraph we learn that ______.5. Lincoln came from a city named ______.6. How many personal qualities are mentioned in paragraph 4?7. The word “assassin” means ______.

Since the first settlers from England had arrived in Virginia in the seventeenth century, independence for the United States was a long time coming. But even if England had not given the colonies cause for rebellion, there would probably have been a separation from the mother country, for the roots of American independence lay in the character of the American colonists. Any people who would willingly forsake the comforts and safety of the Old World to wrest a home from the wilderness in the raw New World would never take kindly to a rein on their liberties. And England assuredly did stir the colonists to rebellion by its Writs of Assistance, Stamp Act, and tax on tea. Further, many of the colonists had never seen England, either being descendants of English settlers or coming from families rooted in other nations; thus, the ties to England were tenuous at best.As with any explosive situation, however, it took a single act to ignite the powder keg. The light for the fuse was supplied “when England’s taxed tea was thrown overboard from ships in Boston Harbor in December of 1773 in what is called the Boston Tea Party. England demanded payment, and its Boston Port Act proposed to close the harbor until the tea was paid for. “With this, all thirteen colonies flared. They saw, clearly, that Boston’s fate could be their own, and that Boston’s fight was their fight. Alone, no colony could prevail against England. Together, they had a fight chance. The movement to unite began at an unofficial session of the Virginia House of Burgesses on May 27, 1774. By September of this same year the First Continental Congress met and forced the nucleus of a union. The delegates agreed to boycott British goods. Before the Second Continental Congress could hold its first meeting on May 10, 1775, the American Revolution had begun. With the shots exchanged between the colonists and the British at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the nation exploded into war. By June the Americans had an army with George Washington as its commander in chief. By spring of 1776 all thirteen colonies delegates to Congress felt keenly the mandate of the people. The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in June and formed a committee to draw up a Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson was appointed by the committee to draft the Declaration. The Declaration as we know it today was unanimously adopted on July 4, and was signed on August 2, 1776.The Declaration of Independence contained five of the most earthshaking words ever written, “…all men are created equal.” Not since the signing of…England’s Magna Carta in 1215 had such an astonishing idea found its way into the public consciousness. The document has often been confused with a declaration of war, which it definitely was not, since was had existed before July 4, 1776. It was primarily a statement of the reasons to the world of the colonists for wishing independence from England: As the world took heed, the phrase “…all men are created equal” stuck in men’s minds and could not be dislodged. The fervor for freedom flamed in France where that nation’s first great revolution began in 1789, fought under the banner of “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.” Later, President Abraham Lincoln was to say, “I have often inquired of myself what great principle or idea it was that kept this Confederacy so long together. It was not the mere matter of the separation of the Colonies from the motherland; but that sentiment in the Declaration of Independence which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but, I hope, to the world, for all future time.”1. According to the first paragraph, the separation from England was ______.2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?3. The word “boycott” in the second paragraph most probably means ______.4. What can you learn from the last paragraph?5. We can infer that ______.6. The word “document” in line 3 of the last paragraph refers to ______.7. The word “motherland” refers to ______.

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