试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

西安交通大学

In 1885 Owen Wister (1850-1938) recorded that “it won’t be a century before the west is simply the true America, with thought, type, and life of its own” and he wanted “to be the hand that once, for all, chronicled and laid bare the virtues and the ices of this extraordinary phase of American social progress.” He never became that self-envisioned Tolstoi of the old West, but in 1902 The Virginian was published. It won instant success and sky-rocketed its author to fame. It is still the most popular “western” novel ever published and the master design for the fiction of the Wild West.The Virginian established a literary form, a formula popularly known as “horse opera”, whose conventions, cliches, and values have reappeared in novels and short stories, in movies and television serials, ever since. The romantic cowboy is the hero and gentleman, one of those “good men in the humbler walks of life”, who seems through shams, defends justice and a lady’s honor, shoots it out with the villain and conquers evil. Because of The Virginian, Wister created a character who is the original type for the western folk hero. He represents the embodiment of certain American ideals—a man who is equal to all occasions who shows independence of action, a man who keeps his word who is a broad-gauge fellow living among narrow-gauge fold”. But the literary device and cowboy code which Wister established dictated that the hero must kill the head man. This necessity for sanctioning murder and romanticizing of the cowboy as a gentleman prohibited. The Virginian and the genre it created from becoming serious fiction, or even an authentic product of the western experience. Instead of achieving his ambition, therefore, Wister gave us a sort of American folk epic, the cowboy story.1. Owen Wister believed ______.2. Stylistically, The Virginian is noted for the fact that it ______.3. The popularity which was accorded The Virginian indicates that Wister ______.4. The author of the article believes that ______.

Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic. And that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms, for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also, in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery.The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Light. As we all know, light is hot; any source of light—from the sun itself down to a humble match burning—will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area. The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam.Experiments with these pinpoint beams showed researchers that different energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is new possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the front of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through: the eyeball. No knives no stitches, no unwanted damage—a true surgical wonder.Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now he tried.The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but more effective. Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can he treated medically.1. After the development of the laser in the 1960s, we find that ______.2. The laser beam is so strong because ______.3. Surgeons can now carry out operations which ______.4. The rapid development of laser techniques has meant that ______.

Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning. Educators find that（1）toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers.（2）their younger counterparts are more likely to（3）. Kindergarten children who turn five during the（4）half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it（5）physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten（6）to receive better grades and score higher on achievement（7）throughout their schooling experience（8）do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the（9）thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today’s children（10）inner maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs. Youngsters（11）parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have（12）anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academic advantage（13）their less-pressured peers.Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting. They question（14）environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non-disadvantaged home. They do not deny, however, the（15）of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children（16）freedom to play, develop at their own（17）, and evolve their social skills. But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now（18）of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds. These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too（19）and thereby depriving them of their（20）.

In the past few years, several plagiarism (抄袭，剽窃) cases have been exposed in China. Some involve professors and famous scholars while some others involve graduate students who are working as researchers. Please write a composition of no less than 200 words on your attitude towards plagiarism. You may also illustrate your opinion on academic integrity (正直) and give suggestions on how to preserve it in the academic world.

It is understandable that publishers are concerned that their journals are selected by ISI for inclusion in its database. Indeed, it is sometimes argued that the survival of a particular journal depends on ISI’s decision to cover it in Current Contents. A journal’s ultimate success depends upon its quality, distribution, and many other competitive factors including cost and timeliness. Any one of these factors, including coverage by ISI, can make the difference between success and failure.A journal’s reputation may not tell the complete story about its impact on the scholarly community. In fact, a study on social science journals suggests quite the opposite. Their research showed that there is a nonlinear relationship between a journal’s reputation and its impact, especially at the extremes of the prestige scale. They conclude that citation data “permit scholars to evaluate the importance of journals based not on opinion but on the frequency of citations” and that “frequency of citation implies scholarly acceptance, or at least acknowledgment of importance through utilization of others’ work.” The researchers go on to mention that “journals have prestige, but their prestige is only derived from the usefulness of the articles they publish.”

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