试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

南京师范大学

我为什么写作？我为了我们的国家、社会、生活更加美好而写作。热爱生活，我叹息一切美好的瞬间的短促。只有文学才能使美好的瞬间与永恒连接起来。至少我有理由希望，在写作的时候我能够比我自己还要好一点，聪明一点，丰富一点，有时候更执着一点，也有时候更豁达一点，因为我实在太平凡了，我实在有太多的缺点甚至于缺陷。我不满意自己，我已经没有办法再重新投胎一次，我只能在写作里得到一些校正与补偿。我喜欢写作还因为这并不总是快乐的。谁能回避那些沉重的不愉快的甚至于可怕的事情呢？然而当这一切经验都变成文学的契机的时候，人生就比较能够忍受了。

Text 1The theory of evolution offers an explanation of how the great variety of present-day animals and plants came into existence. It supposes that life on Earth began in relatively simple forms which over hundreds of millions of years gave rise, by a series of small changes, to a succession of living organisms which became more varied and more complex. Taken to its logical conclusion, the evolutionary theory must suppose that life itself evolved from non-living matter.Text 2The Olympic Games are a series of international amateur sports competitions that originated in Ancient Greece. The games began in 776 BC but were discontinued at the end of the 4th century A.D. The revival of the games took place in Athens where the first modern games were held in 1896. Since then they have been held in four year intervals in different cities around the world. Several changes have taken place since the modern games were inaugurated（开创）; in 1912 women were admitted, in 1924 a separate set of winter games were established and in 1988 professional athletes were allowed to compete in some sports. Since the establishment of the modern games just over a century ago, the number of sports, athletes and countries has steadily increased.

If there is one quality that most American shares, it is a desire that sets their eyes straining for a look beyond the horizon, their minds wondering what might be beyond their range of vision, and their feet on paths into the unknown. The horizons keep expanding; over a century the adventurers and home-seekers braved the wildness to look for independence and prosperity.In the 1800’s the term “the West” was often used to describe any frontier region or territory that lay between the well-established settlements and the untamed wildness. As American moved steadily westward, the frontier moved westward also.The pushing back of the frontier, however, was far from easy. The early pioneer had to face and overcome many dangers and hardships. Horrible snowstorms in winter might destroy his livestock, and many pioneers themselves were frozen to death. In summer a pioneer might stand by helplessly while his cattle died or crops withered for lack of water. At other times, floods might sweep away all of his work But his greatest danger in the early years was from Indian raids. The westward movement was a typical expression of the American character, no too strongly desiring for a settled life but seeking their dreams by moving from place to place. It is still true even now.The worst dangers to a peaceful pioneer in the middle nineteenth century came perhaps not from natural conditions or from Indians, but from pioneers. It was difficult to enforce law and order in such a large area with so little established authority, and some people moved to the west not in order to develop the country but to rob those who were doing hard work. The movement to the west had its heroes as well as its villains.On the way toward the West, one’s success or failure depended largely on his strength and ability in management. Hard labor and tense competition in the West made the frontiersmen rough, so was their language. This could serve as a clue to the understanding of American “honesty”. The Americans were said to value honest speech, honest people, honest government, and honest Presidents.Some people feel that the frontier spirit no longer exists in the USA. But it expresses itself in a number of ways. Americans do not like being without work, and they will travel hundreds of miles in search of a job, showing a courage and an enterprise which is unusual in most of the older European countries. Then there is the exploration of outer space. President John Kennedy in a speech to the nation, spoke of the “New Frontier”. The frontier spirit certainly played a part in putting the first men on the moon, the most recent of all frontiersmen to be crossed.1. The text is mainly about（）.2. According to the text, what is a typical expression of the frontier spirit?3. From the text you can learn what endangered the early pioneer was（）.4. It seems that successful frontiersman（）.5. From the text you can see the author thinks（）.

Every minute of every day, what ecologist James Carlton calls a global “conveyor Belt” redistributes ocean organism. It’s a planet wide biological disruption that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr.Carlton—an oceanographer（海洋研究者）at Williamstown, Mass— explains that, at any given moment, “there are several thousand [marine] species [traveling]…in the ballast water（船舶压载水）of ships.” These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels（斑马贝）.Such voracious invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly―or even beneficially—join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water—taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world...Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of thousands of gallon. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva（幼体）free floating stage. When discharged in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish, slugs, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into mid-ocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for the North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy fishery by eating anchovy eggs, it may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological “conveyor belt” should support a coordinated international effort to timid out what is going on and what should be done about it.1. According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organisms are（）.2. Ocean organizers are concerned because（）.3. According to Marine ecologists, transplanted marine species（）.4. The identified cause of the problem is（）.5. The article suggests that a solution to the problem（）.

Between about 1910 and 1930, new artistic movements in European art were making themselves felt in the United States. American artists became acquainted with the new alt on their trips to Paris and at the exhibitions in the famous New York gallery b291t （named after its address on Fifth Avenue） of the photographer Mired Stieglitz. But most important in the spread of the modern movements in the United States was the sensational Armory Show of 1913 held in New York, in which the works of many of the leading European artists were seen along with the works of a number of progressive American painters.Several of the American modernists who were influenced by the Armory Show found the urban Landscape, especially New York, an appealing subject. Compared with the works of the realist painters, the works of American modernists were much further removed from the actual appearance of the city; they were more interested in the “feel” of the city，more concerned with the meaning behind appearance. However, both the painters of the “Ash Can School”and the later realists were still tied to nineteenth-century or earlier styles, while the early modernists shared in the international breakthroughs of the art of the twentieth century.The greatest of these breakthroughs was Cubism, developed most fully in France between 1907 and 1914, which brought about a major revolution in Western painting. It overturned the rational tradition that had been built upon since the Renaissance, In Cubism, natural forms were broken down analytically into geometric shapes. No longer was a clear differentiation made between the figure and the background of a painting; the objects represented and the surface on which they were painted became one. The Cubists abandoned the conventional single vantage point of the viewer, and objects depicted from multiple viewpoints were shown at the same time.1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?2. It can be inferred from the passage that European art trends probably affected United States art most during which of the following years?3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a means through which American artists learned about new movements?4. Why does the author mention Alfred Stieglitz?5. According to the author, which of the following was a favorite subject for American modernists?

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