试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

河北工业大学

雨落无声，记忆搁浅。用心触摸着那丝丝微雨的柔美，透过时空的壁垒，苍老的故地，深沉的脚印，朦胧的身影，和那被岁月侵蚀的满怀柔情，在脑海里徘徊得太过杂乱无章，每当想要细细品味时，却不知从何道来。于是只能介乎在半梦半醒之间，任沧桑褪尽昔日芳华，孑然一身，谱写出风花雪月的篇章。人生若只如初见，那冥冥中注定的惊鸿一瞥，定格一瞬间，却又转瞬即逝，带走了无限的想象和无尽的回忆。

Philosophy, as I shall understand the word, is something intermediate between theology and science. Like theology, it consists of speculations on matters as to which definite knowledge has, so far, been unascertainable; but like science, it appeals to human reason rather than to authority, whether that of tradition or that of revelation.All definite knowledge—so I should contend—belongs to science; all dogma as to what surpasses definite knowledge belongs to theology. But between theology and science there is a No Man’s Land, exposed to attack from both sides; this No Man’s Land is philosophy. Almost all the questions of most interest to speculative minds are such as science cannot answer, and the confident answers of theologians no longer seem so convincing as they did in former centuries.

Reconstruction means broadly for us reformulate and refocusing on ties between particular practices and theories of prose fiction and the facts of life, that is, historical, biographical, and textual facts about authors, readers, critics, and their works and worlds. Critical reconstruction can even show how previous fictions have helped to call into be subsequent realities and subjectivities. But the project of reconstruction must be plural and textually specific, if it is not to be reductive and, from our late twentieth-century roller-coaster perspective to history, to turn quickly into old-hat totalizing. There are myriad ways for critics to reconstruct a relationship between a text and some aspect of reality. Let a hundred blooms flower.This book, as a whole and in its parts, features the interplay of fictions than “the real world,” but it explores and expands ideas of what fiction and reality might be. In discussions of particular texts, it raises and addresses such questions, both time and perennial, as these: How does fiction work to represent and communicate truth about the world? What is the connection between perceived historical reality and the form of language in which a novel is narrated? How does writing mediate the tensions between public and private life, and what does fiction to do with formulating the very concept of such a split? What is it exactly that people of a given time want and get from a particular novel? How does a novelist’s life give form to a novel? How are reality, the novel, knowledge, and the practice and form of fiction known as realism relating, and what might realism mean now as modern critics reconstruct ideas about it? How does a critical theorist of literature move to political theory? How do the effects of writing “travel,” both geographically and in time? And, most significantly for us, what continues to matter about some particular work or works? All these are questions Ian Watt’s work has floated for us and helped bring into focus.Watt integrated the skills and virtues of New Criticism’s close readings with concern for such historical factors as economic change, class and gender determinants, the dynamic nature of a reading public, cultural and philosophic influences, social psychology, shits in signifying practices, and theories of narrative that had been missing,lost, or slighting in much influential postwar literary criticism. His boldness in taking the study of literature initially beyond pure textual analysis into realms of sociology, ideology, and cultural relations, and then back into individual novels for richer and more complex readings was a brilliant accomplishment that broadened extending the range of literary scholarship. He opened up fields for scholars of all bents—fields consisting, to be sure, of turf to fight about. His interdisciplinary method was instrumental in helping to bring about the interaction of many critical practices and positions that continues to preoccupy critics.1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______6. ______7. ______8. ______9. ______10. ______

Dwarf spheroidal galaxies are small and very faint, containing few stars (1) to their total mass. They appear to be made mostly of dark matter—a (2) substance detectable only by its gravitational influence, which (3) normal matter by a factor of five to one in the universe (4) a whole. Astronomers have found it difficult to explain the origin of dwarf spheroidal galaxies. (5) theories require that dwarf spheroidal orbit near large galaxies like the Milky Way, but this does not (6) how dwarfs that have been observed in the outskirts of the “Local Group” of galaxies could have formed.“These systems are ‘elves’ of the early universe, and (7) how they formed is a (8) goal of modern cosmology,” said lead author Elena D’Onghia of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CFA). D’Onghia and her colleagues used computer (9) to examine two scenarios for the (10) of dwarf spheroidals: 1) an encounter between two dwarf galaxies far from (11) like the Milky Way, with the dwarf spheroidal later (12) into the Milky Way, and 2) an encounter between a dwarf galaxy and the forming Milky Way in the (13) universe.The team found that the (14) encounters excite a gravitational process which they term “resonant stripping”, leading to the (15) of stars from the smaller dwarf over the course of the interaction and transforming it into a dwarf spheroidal. “Like in a cosmic dance, the encounter (16) a gravitational resonance that strips stars and gas from the dwarf galaxy, (17) long visible tails and bridges of stars,” explained D’Onghia. “This (18), explains the most important characteristic of dwarf spheroidals, which is that they are dark-matter (19),” added co-author Gurtina Besla.The long streams of stars pulled off by gravitational interactions should be (20). For example, the recently discovered bridge of stars between Leo IV and Leo V, two nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxies, may have resulted from resonant stripping.

Dark matter in the universe is, believed by some scientists, substance that is not readily observable because it does not directly refract light or energy. Its existence can only be deduced because of the effect that it has on surrounding matter. In fact, some members of the scientific community have argued that dark matter does not actually exist. Others, however, believe in its existence, in part because the scientific community does not have a complete understanding of gravitational science. On the other hand, some would argue that it is the understanding of gravitational science that leads most scientists to believe in the existence of dark matter, because without dark matter, there are many cosmological phenomena that are difficult to explain.For example, dark matter in the universe may have a peculiar effect on the Milky Way galaxy. Some scientists believe that the interaction between dark matter and other smaller, nearby galaxies is causing the Milky Way galaxy to take on a warped profile. It has been asserted that not only does dark matter exist, it may also be responsible for the Milky Way’s unusual shape. The interaction referenced involves two smaller galaxies near the Milky Way, called Magllanic Clouds, moving through an enormous amount of dark matter, which, in effect, enhances the gravitational pull that the two Magellanic Clouds could have on the Milky Way and other surrounding bodies. Without the existence of the dark matter, the Magellanic Clouds would not have sufficient mass to have such a strong effect on the bend of the Milky Way galaxy.The strongest evidence for the validity of this hypothesis rests in Newtonian physics and the hypothesis that anything with mass will exert a gravitational pull. The Milky Way and other galaxies with peculiar warped shapes are being molded by a gravitational force. However, there is nothing readily observable with sufficient mass that could cause such a high level of distortion via gravitational pull in the vicinity of the Milky Way, Therefore, something that is not easily observed must be exerting the necessary force to create the warped shape of the galaxy.Aaron Romanowsky and several colleagues have questioned the effect that dark matter might have on galaxies. They point to the existence of several elliptical galaxies surrounded by very little dark matter as evidence that dark matter is not, in fact, the cause of the warped galaxies. While they do not claim that their findings should be interpreted to conclude that dark matter does not exist, they apparently believe that the results of their studies cast doubt on some of the conventional theories of galaxy formation and manipulation.Several models constructed by researchers from the University of California at Berkeley, however, point to the idea that dark matter is the most likely explanation for the distorted shape of the Milky Way and other galaxies. Using computer models, they have mapped the likely interactions between certain galaxies and the surrounding dark matter, and those models have shown not only the possibility that dark matter is responsible for the warped shape of the Milky Way, but that the relationship between the dark matter and the Magllanic Clouds is dynamic; the movement of the clouds through the dark matter seems to create a wake that enhances their gravitational influence on the Milky Way.1. The passage states that some members of the scientific community are reluctant to believe in the existence of dark matter because ______.2. What does the passage offer as evidence for the existence of dark matter?3. According to the passage, what is Aaron Romanowsky’s theory regarding dark matter?4. The last paragraph supports the general hypothesis provided earlier in the passage that ______.5. The passage supports which of the following statements about dark matter?

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