试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

国防科技大学

Aided by the recent ability to analyze samples of air trapped glaciers, scientists now have a clearer idea of the relationship between atmospheric composition and global temperature change over the past 160,000 years. In particular, determination of atmospheric composition during periods of glacial expansion and retreat (cooling and warming) is possible using data from the 2,000-meter Vostok ice core drilled in Antarctica. The technique involved is similar to that used in analyzing cores of marine sediments, where the ratio of the two common isotopes of oxygen, 180 and 160, accurately reflects past temperature changes. Isotopic analysis of oxygen in the Vostok core suggests main global temperature fluctuations of up to 10 degrees centigrade over the past 160,000 years. Data from the Vostok core also indicate that the amount of Carbon dioxide has fluctuated with temperature over the same period: the higher the temperature, the higher the concentration of carbon dioxide and the lower the temperature, the lower the concentration. Although change in carbon dioxide content closely follows change in temperature during periods of deglaciation, it apparently lags behind temperature during periods of cooling. The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by them. The correlation between carbon dioxide and temperature throughout the Vostok record is consistent and predictable. The absolute temperature changes, however, are from 5 to 14 times greater than would be expected on the basis of carbon dioxide’s own ability to absorb infrared radiation, or radiant heat. This reaction suggests that, quite aside from changes in heat-trapping gases, commonly known as greenhouse gases, certain positive feedbacks are also amplifying the temperature change. Such feedbacks might involve ice on land and sea, clouds, or water vapor, which also absorb radiant heat. Other data from the Vostok core show that methane gas also correlates closely with temperature and carbon dioxide. The methane concentration nearly doubled, for example, between the peak of the penultimate glacial period and the follwing interglacial period. Within the present interglacial period it has more than doubled in just the past 300 years and is rising rapidly. Although the concentration of atmospheric methane is more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of carbon dioxide, it cannot be ignored: the radiative properties of methane make it 20 times more effective, molecule for molecule, than carbon dioxide in absorbing radiant heat. On the basis of a simulation model that climatological researchers have developed, methane appears to have been about 25 percent as important as carbon dioxide in the warming that took place during the most recent glacial retreat 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.50. The passage provides information to support which of the following statements about methane?51. According to the passage, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between carbon dioxide and global temperature?52. It can be inferred from the passage that a long-term decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere would ______.53. The passage suggests that when the methane concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere decreases, which of the following also happens?

It’s a brand new world—a world built around brands. Hard charging, noise making, culture shaping brands are everywhere. They’re on supermarket shelves, of course, but also in business plans for dotcom startups and in the names of sports complexes. Brands are infiltrating people’s everyday lives—by sticking their logos on clothes, in concert programs, on subway station wall, even in elementary school classrooms.We live in an age in which CBS newscasters wear Nike jackets on the air, in which Burger King and McDonald’s open kiosks in elementary-school lunchrooms, in which schools like Stanford University are endowed with a Yahoo! Founders Chair. But as brands reach (and then overreach) into every aspect of our lives, the companies behind them invite more questions, deeper scrutiny—and an inevitable backlash by consumers.“Our intellectual lives and our public spaces are being taken over by marketing—and that has real implications for citizenship, says author and activist Naomi Klein. “It’s important for any healthy culture to have public space—a place where people are treated as citizens instead of as consumers. We’ve completely lost that space.”Since the mid-1980s, as more and more companies have shifted from being about products to being about ideas—Starbucks isn’t sling coffee; it’s selling community!—those companies have poured more and more resources into marketing campaigns.To pay for those campaigns, those same companies figured out ways to cut costs elsewhere—for example, by using contract labor at home and low-wage labor in developing countries. Contract laborers are hired on a temporary, per-assignment basis, and employers have no obligation to provide (any benefits, such as health insurance) or long-term job security. This saves companies money but obviously puts workers in vulnerable situations. In the United States, contract labor has given rise to so-called McJobs, which employers and workers alike pretend are temporary—even though these jobs are usually held by adults who are trying to support families.The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for museums. This made those institutions much too willing, even eager, to partner with private companies. But companies took advantage of the needs of those institutions, reaching too far, and overwhelming the civic space with their marketing agendas.46. What does the passage intend to tell us?47. Which of the following does the author state as a factor in the increasing presence of brands in peoples’ lives?48. The text suggests that most contract laborers in the U.S. ______.49. We may infer from the last paragraph that ______.

A few years ago, the rich world’s worry about economic interaction with developing countries was that the poor could not profit from it. So unbalanced were the terms of exchange between the North’s mighty industries and the South’s weakling sweatshops trade (31) between the two could be (32) more than exploitation of the one by the other; far from helping the poor countries, global integration would actually deepen their poverty. This fear has now given (33) to a pessimism that is equal and opposite—namely, that trade with the developing world will (34) today’s rich countries.Like the previous scare, this view contains an iota of truth—enough to lend plausibility. Also like its predecessor, it is a (35) exaggeration. (36), this new fear is more dangerous than the old one. The earlier scare tacitly affirmed that the industrial countries would suffer if they cut their links (37) the third world. Starting from there, campaigning in the North to restrict trade with developing countries was going to be an uphill struggle. Those who oppose deeper economic integration now have a better platform. Vital interests (38) the rich countries to protect their industries from the new onslaught. (39) its predecessor, this idea may sell.The grip that this thinking already has on popular opinion (40) little to economic history or principles. The new fear, like the old one, expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come (41) another. This is a deeply rooted prejudice, and (42) wrong. Very nearly all of the world is more prosperous now than it was 30 years ago. Growth has been a story of (43) advance, not redistribution; and (44) living standards have not improved in recent decades (notably, in parts of Africa), excessive interaction in the international economy has not been the cause.Lending useful support to this first error is a second—the idea that there is only so much work to go round. If new technologies render some jobs obsolete, or if an increase in the supply of cheap imports makes other jobs (45), the result must be a permanent rise in unemployment. Again, on a moment’s reflection, this is wrong; otherwise, technological progress this century would have pushed unemployment rates in the industrial countries to something in excess of 95%.

Vacillating between loving her parents one minute and hating them the next, she was confused by the ______ of her feelings.

Although I don’t wish to ______ your contribution, I feel we must place it in tits proper perspective.

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