试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

北京师范大学

In the course of the Scientific Revolution, attention was paid to the problem of establishing the proper means to examine and understand the physical realm. This creation of a scientific method was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world. Curiously enough, it was an Englishman with few scientific credentials who attempted to put forth a new method of acquiring knowledge that made an impact on English scientists in the seventeenth century and other European scientists in the eighteenth century. Francis Bacon(1561-1626), a lawyer and lord chancellor, rejected Copemicus and Keplet and misunderstood Galileo. And yet in his unfinished work The Great Instonararion (The Great Restoration), he called for his contemporaries "to commence a total reconstruction of sciences, arts, and all human knowledge, raised upon the proper foundations." Bacon did not doubt humans’ ability to know the natural world, but he believed that they had proceeded incorrectly "The entire fabric of human reason which we employ in the inquisition of nature is badly put together and built up, and like some magnificent structure without foundation."Bacon’s new foundation—a correct scientific method—was to be built on inductive principles. Rather than beginning with assumed first principles from which logical conclusions could be deduced, he urged scientists to proceed from the particular to the general. From carefully organized experiments and systematic, thorough observations, correct generalizations could be developed. Bacon was clear about what he believed his method could accomplish. His concern was more for practical than for pure science. He stated that "the true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power. " He wanted science to contribute to the "mechanical arts" by creating devices that would benefit industry, agriculture, and trade. Bacon was prophetic when he said that "I am laboring to lay the foundation, not of any sect or doctrine, but of human utility and power." And how would this "human power" be used? To "conquer nature in action" The control and domination of nature became a central proposition of modern science and the technology that accompanied it. Only in the twentieth century did some scientists ask whether this assumption might not he at the heart of the modernecological crisis.

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美国人以两个特殊的日子向父母表示敬意：这便是每年五月第二个星期日的母亲节和六月第三个星期日的父亲节。人们用各种形式来庆贺这两个特殊的日子。在母亲节那天，人们佩戴康乃馨（carnation）；很多人还通过参加宗教仪式来向父母致意；在这两天，许多家庭在家中或到餐馆去聚会。这是充满欢乐、美好情感和美好回忆的日子。

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Industrial engineering involves the application of engineering principles and techniques of scientific management to the maintenance of a high level of productivity at optimum cost in industrial enterprises, In the 1880s F. W. Taylor considered the father of modern industrial engineering, pioneered in the scientific measurement of work. After numerous work studies he presented his company with a formula for obtaining maximum production, which was later applied to many manufacturing concerns, The industrial or management, engineer draws upon the fields of systems engineering and management science. Among his responsibilities are the selection of tools and materials for production that are most efficient and least costly to the company. The industrial engineer may also determine the sequence of production and the design of facilities or factories.

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He was taken to the huge medieval fortress at the harbour’s mouth. He found prison life fairly endurable. His cell was damp and dark, and the food was bad and insufficient; but his sister soon obtained permission to send him all the necessaries of life from home. He was kept in solitary confinement and failed to obtain any explanation of the cause of his arrest Nevertheless the tranquil frame of mind in which he had entered the fortress did not change. Not being allowed books, he spent his time in prayer and devout meditation, and waited without impatience for the further course of events.

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Speech—the act of uttering sounds to convey meaning is a kind of human action. Like any other constantly repeated action, speaking has to be learned, but once it is learned, it becomes a generally unconscious and apparently automatic process.As far as we can determine human beings do not need to be forced to speak; most babies scorn to possess a sort of instinctive drive to produce speechlike noises. How to speak and what to say are another matter altogether, These actions are learned from the particular society into which the baby is born; so that, like all conduct that is learned from a society—from the people around us—speech is a patterned activity.The meandering babble and chatter of a young child are eventually channeled by imitation into a few orderly grooves that represent the pattern accepted as meaningful by the people around him. Similarly, a child's indiscriminate practice of putting things into his mouth becomes limited to putting food into his mouth in a certain way.The sounds that a child can make are more varied and numerous than the sounds that any particular language utilizes. However, a child born into a society with a pattern of language is encouraged to make a small selection of sounds and to make these few sounds over and over until it is natural for him to make these sounds and no others.1.For an adult the process of speaking usually involves（） .2.The selection says that most babies have an instinctive drive to（） .3.Conduct that is learned from a society may be called（） .4.The most important factor in a child's learning to speak probably is （）.5.The sounds that a child is able to make are （）.

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