试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

北京师范大学

Many zoos in the United States have undergone radical changes in the philosophy and design. All possible care is taken to reduce the stress of living in captivity. Cages and grounds are landscaped to make gorillas feel immersed in vegetation, as they would be in a Congo jungle. Zebras gaze across vistas arranged to appear (to zoos visitors, at least) nearly as broad as an African plain.Yet, strolling past animals in zoo after zoo. I have noticed the signs of hobbled energy that has found no release—large cats pacing in a repetitive pattern, primates rocking for hours in one corner of a cage. These truncated movements are known as cage stereotypes, and usually these movements bring about no obvious physical or emotional effects in the captive animal. Many animal specialists believe they, are more troubling to the people who watch than to the animals themselves. Such restlessness is an unpleasant reminder that—despite the careful interior decoration and clever optical illusions—zoo animals are prisoners, being kept in elaborate cells.The rationale for breeding endangered animals in zoos is nevertheless compelling. Once a species falls below a certain number, it is beset by inbreeding and other processes that nudge it closer and closer to extinction. If the animal also faces the whole-scale destruction of its habitat, its one hope for survival lies in being transplanted to some haven of safely, usually a cage. In serving as trusts for rare fauna, zoos have committed millions of dollars to caring for animals. Many zoo managers have given great consideration to the psychological health of the animals in their care. Yet the more I learned about animals bred in enclosures, the more I wondered how their sensibilities differed from those of animals raised to roam free.In the wild, animals exist in a world of which we have little understanding. They may communicate with their kind through "language" that are indecipherable by humans. A few studies suggest that some species perceive landscapes much differently than people do; for example, they may: be keenly attuned to movement on the faces of mountains or across the broad span of grassy plains. Also, their social structures may be complex and integral to their well-being. Some scientists believe they may even develop cultural traditions that are key to the survival of populations.But when an animal is confined, it lives within a vacuum. If it is accustomed to covering long distances in its searches for food, it grows lazy or bored. It can make no decisions for itself; its intelligence and wild skills atrophy from lack of use, becomes, in a sense, one of society’s charges, completely dependent on humans for' nourishment and care.How might an animal species be changed—subtly, imperceptibly—by spending several generations in a per:? I posed that question to the curator of birds at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, which is a breeding center for the endangered California condor. "I always have to chuckle when someone asks me that," the curator replied."Evolution has shaped the behavior of the condor for hundreds of years. If you think I can change it in a couple of generations, you’re giving me a lot of credit."Recently the condor was reintroduced into the California desert—only a moment after its capture, in evolutionary terms. Perhaps the curator was right; perhaps the wild nature of the birds would emerge unscathed, although I was not convinced. But what of species that will spend decades or centuries in confinement before they are released?1.The primary purpose of the passage is to （）2.The primary function of the second paragraph is to show that（）3. In the fourth paragraph, the author's most important point is that animals in the wild（）4.Which of the following best describes the relationship between the fourth paragraph and the fifth paragraph?5. In paragraph 5 “charges” most nearly means（）

Education is one of the key, words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of unfortunate circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states ‘invest’, in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so care fully worked out, punctuated by text-books—those purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and birth; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology,, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally, equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be, applied to peoples without a script while our own compulsory school attendance became law in necessary in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1976, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure thin all on knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savages know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.1. The best title for this passage is（） .2.The word "interest" in paragraph one means （）.3.The author seems（） .4.The passage implies that （）.5.According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?

When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exists in any part of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like tile only planet where life like ours could exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be miler kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry and they may multiply on Venus us or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage. His individual units retain a strong sense of personality. They are, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives. But man's societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very tong or the evolutionary time scale. Fifty thousand ,years from now man's societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality. Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organism and the inorganic parts (machines) that have been constructed by it. A million years further on man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.The explorers- of space should be prepared for some such situation. If they arrive on a foreign planet that has reached an advanced stage (and this is by no means impossible), they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.The units may be "'secondary,'" machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability' to survive and reproduce. They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials, if this is the case, they may be much more tolerant of their environment multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compound and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.Such creatures might be relics of a past age, many millions of years ago, when their planet was favorable to the origin of life or they might be immigrants from a favored planet.1.What does the word "cheer" (Para. 1, Line 2) imply?2.Humans on Earth are characterized by（） .3.According to this passage, some people believe that eventually（） .4.Even most imaginative people have to admit that （）.5.It seems that the writer（） .

Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification, medicine and religion were inextricably, linked for centuries. This notion is apparent in the origin of our word “pharmacy”, which comes from the Greek phannakon, meaning "purification through purging."By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates valley had developed virtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs. They used gargles inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay' tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today.The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers Papyrus, a scroll dating from 1900B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers. reveals the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today. As antacids) was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohol.The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The "'chief of the preparers of drugs" was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the '"collectors of drugs." field workers, who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The '"preparers" aides" (technicians) dried and pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the "preparers."And the "conservator of drugs" oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb, and animal-organ ingredients were kept.By the seventh century B.C. the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They- believed that a physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural components involved. Thus, the early, Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health, even if the suspected "mental" causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression but interpreted as curses from displeased deities.The modern era of pharmacology began in the sixteenth century, ushered in by' the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine.Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries "would pass before superstition was displaced by' scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians, unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, continued to dream up imaginary causative evils. And though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error.Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest developed in this trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticate additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds.1. The author cites the literal definition of the Greek word phannakon in the first paragraph in order to（） .2.According to the passage, the seventh-century Greeks' view of medicine differed from that of the Sumerians in that the Greeks （）.3.In Paragraph 5, the word "holistic" most nearly means（） .4.The passage indicates that advances in medical science during the modern era of pharmacology may have been delayed by（） .5. In the final paragraph, the author makes which of the following observations about scientific discovery?

Since the first brain scanner was constructed several years ago, computed tomography or computed medical imagery, has become fairly widely used. Its rapid acceptance is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks of conventional X-ray technology.To begin with, conventional two-dimensional X-ray pictures cannot show all of the information contained in a three-dimensional object. Things at different depths aresuper imposed, causing confusion to the viewer. Computed tomography can give three-dimensional information. The computer is able to reconstruct pictures of the body's interior by measuring the varying intensities of X-ray beams passing through sections of the body from hundreds of different angles. Such pictures are based on series of thin…slices".In addition, conventional X-ray generally differentiates only between bone and air, as in the chest and lungs. They cannot distinguish soft tissues or variations in tissues. The liver and pancreas are not discernible at all, and certain other organs max only be rendered visible through the use of radio opaque dye. Since computed tomography is much more sensitive, the soft tissues of the kidneys or the liver can be seen and clearly differentiated. This technique can also accurately measure different degrees of X-ray absorption, facilitating the study of the nature of' tissue.A third problem with conventional X-ray methods is their inability to measure quantitatively the separate densities of the individual substances through which the X-ray has passed. Only the mean absorption of all the tissues is recorded. This is not a problem with computed tomography. It can accurately locate a tumor and subsequently monitor the progress of radiation treatment, so that in addition to its diagnostic capabilities, it can play a significant role in therapy.1. Conventional X-rays mainly show the difference between（） .2. What kind of view is made possible by contiguous cross sections of the body?3. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared to conventional X-ray techniques, computed tomography is more（） .4.What is the author's attitude toward this new technique?5.According to the passage, computed tomography can be used for all of the following EXCEPT（） .

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