试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

天津职业技术师范大学

People would wander for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy (argument) is often referred to as “nature and nurture”.Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans’ respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are far-reaching. In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites. Behaviorists, on the contrary, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.1. The author is mainly concerned about solving the problem ________.2. The word “proponents” can best be replaced by ________.3. Which of the following statements may be supported by the “nature” school?4. What can we learn about the behaviorists?5. The “nature” theorists believe that the blacks’ low scores ________.

It was proposed that the trade authorities ________ to try to resolve the issue.

If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ________ now.

The courses on postmodernism don’t interest me and ________ the courses on post-colonialism.

She expressed her strong determination that nothing could ________ her to give up her career as a teacher.

2 / 7