试题库在线考试题库-历年真题模拟试题及答案-考博英语在线试题测试中心-希赛网

上海社会科学院

Keynes had emphasized fiscal rather than monetary policy as the key to fighting recessions. And this had remained the prevailing wisdom. This IS curve, many argued, was quite steep: Changes in the interest rate had little effect on demand and output. Thus, monetary policy did not work very well. Fiscal policy, which affects demand directly, could affect output faster and more reliably.Friedman strongly challenged this conclusion. In a 1963 book titled a Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, Friedman and Anna Schwartz painstakingly reviewed the evidence on monetary policy and the relation between money and output in the United States over a century. Their conclusion was not only that monetary policy was very powerful, but that it could explain most of the fluctuations in output. They interpreted the Great Depression as the result of a tragic mistake in monetary policy, a decrease in the money supply due to bank failures—a decrease that the Fed could have avoided by increasing the monetary base, but had not.Friedman and Schwartz’s challenge was followed by a vigorous debate and by intense research on the respective effects of fiscal and monetary policy. In the end, a consensus was reached. The truth was in between: Both fiscal and monetary policies clearly had effects. And if one cared about the composition of output and took into account the openness of the economy, the best policy was typically a mix of two.

Shanghai, also (1) Shang-hai, city and province-level shi (municipality), east-central China. It is one of the world’s largest seaports and a major industrial and commercial (2) of China.The city is located (3) the coast of the East China Sea between the mouth of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) to the north and the bay of Hangzhou to the south. The municipality’s area includes the city itself, surrounding (4), and an agricultural hinterland. Shanghai is China’s most-populous city, and the municipality is its most-populous urban area.Shanghai was one of the first Chinese ports to be opened to Western trade, and it long (5) the nation’s commerce. Since 1949, however, it has become an industrial giant whose products supply China’s growing (6) demands. The city has also undergone extensive (7) changes with the establishment of industrial suburbs and housing complexes, the improvement of public works, and the provision of parks and other recreational (8). Shanghai has attempted to (9) the economic and psychological legacies of its exploited past through physical and social transformation to support its major role in the modernization of China.Shanghai municipality is bordered by Jiangsu province to the north and west and Zhejiang province to the southwest. It includes the 18 districts constituting the city of Shanghai and several islands in the mouth of the Yangtze and offshore to the southeast in the East China Sea. The largest island, Chongming, has an area of 489 square miles (1,267 square km) and extends more than 50 miles (80 km) upstream from the mouth of the Yangtze; it and the islands of Changxing and Hengsha (10) comprise a county under Shanghai municipality.

It was a really wonderful occasion which we will ______ for many years to come.

As a teenager, I was ______ by a blind passion for a film star I would never meet.

______ and physiology, which study (respectively) the structure and function of organisms and their parts, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and they are often studied together.

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