We are much quicker-希赛网

单选题

We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving（）to our anger.

问题1选项
A.vent
B.impulse
C.temper
D.offence

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中国卫生健康事业取得了巨大进步，百姓健康获得感不断增强。在中国，平均预期寿命从上世纪40年代的35岁增长到2021年的78.2岁，天花、脊髓灰质炎、疟疾等传染性疾病已被消灭，主要健康指标位居中高收入国家前列。过去10年间，国家维护人民健康的能力明显提升。卫生健康部门为高血压、糖尿病、肺结核病等重点疾病患者和0~6岁儿童、孕产妇、65岁以上老年人等重点人群提供了健康管理服务。重大疾病得到有效遏制，重大慢性病过早死亡率低于全球平均水平。同时，中国积极参与世卫组织等卫生领域国际组织和合作机制的工作。60年来，中国向全球76个国家和地区累计派出了3万人次医疗队队员，还与非洲41个国家的46家医院开展了对口合作，在30多个国家实施了白内障手术和心脏病手术义诊，诊治患者累计2200万人次。

The world seems to be going diet crazy, and yet our nation’s obesity rate has shot up year after year. And, it’s not only the over 20 population that has to worry about their weight anymore. Children from kindergarten to twelfth grade are also experiencing the problems of an overweight lifestyle.Some of the blame is being put on schools wanting to fit more academic classes into the children’s schedule rather than waste time on physical education. This new take on education has left us with physical activity at an all-time national low, resulting in obesity and poor physical conditioning at an all-time national high.The schools have tried a few solutions, but will those methods help at all? Education is important at school, but starts at home. I believe students are getting their bad habits from watching their parents and how they eat and exercise. It seems more likely that more and more families have both parents working, leaving their children to their own means for a meal.“Nintendo, TV, PlayStation and the like,” are what Physical Education teacher, Sue Arostegui, attributes the inactiveness to, “Parents are either gone or too scared with today’s society to let them out and play”.Classes on health need to become more regular and sports need to be encouraged. At Live Oak High School the staff does good job of teaching how to eat and exercise to stay healthy. The freshmen study health every Wednesday in P.E., and Pam James teaches healthy eating and food preparation in Home Economics for the first few weeks of every school year.“Kids have no idea how many calories they are eating,” said James of the overweight problems facing students. “Fast food is becoming more popular; it’s easier and parents are busy. They are only setting their kids up to gain weight with that diet however.”School cafeterias are also getting blamed for the students, eating habits. “Healthy eating should start at home,” said L. O. H. S. cafeteria cook, Brenda Myers. “Too many kids are being raised on fast food. After eating so much fast food they don’t have any tastes for real home cooked food.Other schools do not even have the type of programs Live Oak offers and are suffering even worse consequences. There needs to be a program that all students will be interested in and continue through for the entire season.Schools can only do and be blamed for so much however, and it will be up to the parents to become more aware of what activities their children are participating in and how healthy they are eating. Until that happens, I foresee the obesity rate continuing on its uphill curve.1. Which of the following is similar in meaning to the word “obesity”?2. What is the trend in education that has led to an increase in obesity?3. What is the chief reason for the increase in obese students?4. What should be done to improve students’ awareness of the importance of a healthy diet?5. According to the passage, the obesity rate of students will continue to grow unless ________.

In Second Nature, Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist Gerald Edelman argues that the brain and mind are unified, but he has little patience with the claim that the brain is a computer. Fortunately for the general reader, his explanations of brain function are accessible, reinforced by concrete examples and metaphors.Edelman suggests that thanks to the recent development of instruments capable of measuring brain structure within millimeters and brain activity within milliseconds, perceptions, thoughts, memories, willed acts, and other mind matters traditionally considered private and impenetrable to scientific scrutiny now can be correlated with brain activity. Our consciousness (a “first-person affair” displaying intentionality, reflecting beliefs and desires, etc.), our creativity, even our value systems, have a basis in brain function.The author describes three unifying insights that correlate mind matters with brain activity. First, even distant neurons will establish meaningful connections (circuits) if their firing patterns are synchronized. Second, experience can either strengthen or weaken synapses (neuronal connections). Finally, there is reentry, the continued signaling from one brain region to another and back again along massively parallel nerve fibers.Edelman concedes that neurological explanations for consciousness and other aspects of mind are not currently available, but he is confident that they will be soon. Meanwhile, he is comfortable hazarding a guess: “All of our mental life is based on the structure and dynamics of our brain.” Despite this optimism about the explanatory powers of neuroscience, Edelman acknowledges the pitfalls in attempting to explain all aspects of the mind in neurological terms. Indeed, culture—not biology—is the primary determinant of the brain’s evolution, and has been since the emergence of language, he notes.However, I was surprised to learn that he considers Sigmund Freud “the key expositor of the effects of unconscious processes on behavior.” Such a comment ignores how slightly Freud’s conception of the unconscious, with its emphasis on sexuality and aggression, resembles the cognitive unconscious studied by neuroscientists.Still, Second Nature is well worth reading. It serves as a bridge between the traditionally separate camps of “hard” science and the humanities. Readers without at least some familiarity with brain science will likely find the going difficult at certain points. Nonetheless, Edelman has achieved his goal of producing a provocative exploration of “how we come to know the world and ourselves”.1. Gerald Edelman would most probably support the idea that the brain ________.2. It was previously felt that perceptions and other mind matters could hardly be ________.3. Edelman firmly believes that ________.4. The author disagrees with the idea that the neuroscience-based cognitive unconscious can be ________.5. According to the author, Second Nature is a good book because ________.

Modern lore has it that in England death is imminent, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death, and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal. We are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under optimal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s futile. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. A vast industry pushed for aggressive and expensive therapy for prostate cancer, despite a lack of demonstrable benefit for many patients. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.Meanwhile, the kind of palliative care provided in hospices is taught derogatorily to medical students as a treatment of last resort. In 1950 the United States spent $12.7 billion, or 4.4 percent of gross domestic product, on health care. In 2002 the cost will be $1.54 trillion—nearly 14 percent of GDP, by far the largest percentage spent by any developed country.Anyone can see that this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some ethicists conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so.I wouldn’t go that far. Not long ago similar arguments were used to justify mandatory retirement ages as young as 55 for employees in industry, academia and government.As a taxpaying citizen, I know that the value of such measures must be weighed against other social goods, such as housing, defense and education. And as a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples’ lives.To create a humane system of health care, we must acknowledge that death and dying are not themselves the enemies. As the post-World War II British epidemiologist Archie Cochrane once observed, cures in medicine are rare, but the need for “care”—attention and reassurance from approachable, sympathetic physicians and caregivers—is widespread. Cochrane worried that by pursuing cures at all cost, we would restrict the supply of care that patients can receive. This is precisely the crisis of contemporary medicine: billions for cures, and pennies for care.1. People’s different attitudes towards death show that ________.2. The best health care ________.3. Palliative care provided in hospices ________.4. The government with finite resources had better ________.5. What patients need most is ________.

The contribution genes make intelligence increases as children grow older. This goes against the notion that most people hold that as we age, environmental influences gradually overpower the genetic legacy we are born with and may have implications for education. “People assume the genetic influence goes down with age because the environmental differences between people pile up in life,” says Robert Plomin. “What we found was quite amazing, and goes in the other direction.”Previous studies have shown variations in intelligence are at least partly due to genetics. To find out whether this genetic contribution varies with age, Plomin’s team pooled data from six separate studies carried out in the US, the UK, Australia and the Netherlands, involving a total of 11,000 pairs of twins. In these studies, the researchers tested twins on reasoning, logic and arithmetic to measure a quantity called general cognitive ability, or “G”. Each study, also included both identical twins, with the same genes, and fraternal twins, sharing about half their genes, making it possible to distinguish the contributions of genes and environment to their G scores.Plomin’s team calculated that in childhood, genes account for about 41 percent of the variation in intelligence. In adolescence, this rose to 55 percent; by young adolescence, it was 66 percent. No one knows why the influence from genes should increase with age, but Plomin suggests that as children get older, they become better at exploiting and manipulating their environment to suit their genetic needs, and says “Kids with high G will use their environment to foster their cognitive ability and choose friends who are like-minded.” Children with medium to low G may choose less challenging pastimes and activities, further emphasizing their genetic legacy.Is there any way to interfere with the pattern? Perhaps. “The evidence of strong heritability doesn’t mean at all that there is nothing you can do about it,” says Susanne Jaeggi, “From our own work, the ones that started off with lower IQ scores had higher gains after training.”Plomin suggests that genetic differences may be more emphasized if all children share an identical curriculum instead of it being tailored to children’s natural abilities. “My inclination would be to give everyone a good education, but put more effort into the lower end,” he says. Intelligence researcher Paul Thompson agrees: “It shows that educators need to steer kids towards things drawing out their natural talents.”1. What is the common notion that people hold about genes?2. The study by Plomin’s team aims to find out ________.3. From the experiment with twins, Plomin’s team draws a conclusion that ________.4. The word “pattern” in Paragraph Four is closest in meaning to ________.5. Which of the following might Plomin’s team least agree to?

Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A.D., Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors”, brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B.C. concluded: “There is no treatment.’’The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies” (what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption” (tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,” and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization”, belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine” judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy”. In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality”, and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,” Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize” cancer.1. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians ________.2. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?3. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?4. “Neurasthenia” and diabetes are mentioned because ________.5. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?

Parkinson’s disease, first described in the early 1800s by British physician James Parkinson as “shaking palsy”, is among the most prevalent neurological disorders. According to the United Nations, at least four million people worldwide have it, in North America, estimates run from 500, 000 to one million, with about 50, 000 diagnosed every year. These figures are expected to double by 2040 as the world’s elderly population grows; indeed, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative illnesses common in the elderly (such as Alzheimer’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are on their way to overtaking cancer as a leading cause of death. But the disease is not entirely one of the aged: 50 percent of patients acquire it after age 60; the other half are affected before then. Furthermore, better diagnosis has made experts increasingly aware that the disorder can attack those younger than 40.So far researchers and clinicians have found no way to slow, stop or prevent Parkinson’s. Although treatments do exist—including drugs and deep-brain stimulation—these therapies alleviate symptoms, not causes. In recent years, however, several promising developments have occurred. In particular, investigators who study the role proteins play have linked miscreant proteins to genetic underpinnings of the disease. Such findings are feeding optimism that fresh angles of attack can be identified.As its 19th-century name suggests—and as many people know from the educational efforts of prominent Parkinson’s sufferers such as Janet Reno, Muhammad Ali and Michael J. Fox—the disease is characterized by movement disorders. Tremor in the hands, arms and elsewhere, limb rigidity, slowness of movement, and impaired balance and coordination are among the disease’s hallmarks. In addition, some patients have trouble walking, talking, sleeping, urinating and performing sexually.These impairments result from neurons dying. Although the victim cells are many and found throughout the brain, those producing the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region called the substantia nigra are particularly hard-hit. These dopaminergic nerve cells are key components of the basal ganglia, a complex circuit deep within the brain that fine-tunes and co-ordinates movement. Initially the brain can function normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, even though it cannot replace the dead cells. But when half or more of these specialized cells disappear, the brain can no longer cover for them. The deficit then produces the same effect that losing air traffic control does at a major airport. Delays, false starts, cancellations and, ultimately, chaos pervade as parts of the brain involved in motor control—the thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex—no longer function as an integrated and orchestrated unit.1. Which of the following statements about Parkinson’s disease can be best supported by the passage?2. The author of the passage suggests that the developments in the study of Parkinson’s disease can help ________.3. According to the passage, what causes Parkinson’s disease?4. Janet Reno and Michael J. Fox are mentioned in the passage because ________.5. The primary purpose of this passage is to ________.

Recent research from animal behaviorists suggests that “as the crow flies” should no longer be taken to mean “the shortest distance between two points.” Zoologists at Oxford University, who conducted an eighteen-month（1）of homing pigeons, have concluded that under some circumstances, pigeons follow familiar visual landmarks to find their way home rather than taking the shortest, most direct route. Known for their ability to navigate long distances, homing pigeons use the（2）of the sun and stars, their inbuilt compasses, and perhaps also their sense of smell to direct their flight over long（3）or on a journey for the first time. However, different factors appear to affect a pigeon’s navigation when it is released close to its home. Animal behaviorists reached this（4）after attaching small global positioning devices to the backs of pigeons and releasing them a few miles from their home. These devices enabled the scientists to（5）the precise location of each pigeon every second of per flight. Each pigeon was tracked for approximately twenty flights from the（6）point. For the first several flights, each bird’s path（7）significantly from the paths it had taken off. Subsequently, （8）, the bird would tend to follow the same path, flight after flight, even though that path was not always the most direct route home. The scientists concluded that pigeons use a（9）of familiar visual landmarks to find their way when they are near their home rather than relying primarily on compass navigation. Major highways are one（10）landmark. Almost comically, some of the pigeons followed the path of a major highway they could see below them, turning where the road turned, and even following the circular path of the exit ramps.

With the surge of population and economic activity during the past two generations or so, the environment has come under unprecedented stress.

But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature.