进入21世纪以后，确权、注册和保护知识产-希赛网

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进入21世纪以后，确权、注册和保护知识产权成了增强企业竞争力的关键性因素之一。但是，如何最好地利用与保护知识产权正在变得越来越难以把握。过去，商业活动从很多方面讲都相当简单。人们只要设计出好的商品或服务项目，有效地推向市场，尽量把价格降低，并保证如期交付即可。在新经济中，这套办法不灵了。现在几乎所有的大制造商都在其传统的业务之外提供各种各样的服务项目，常以此来提高其专利技术的价值。

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各国文明历来是通过知识交流而得到充实，无论是在科学、文化领域，还是在经济领域，都是如此。在全球化和信息高速传递的时代，知识和进步之间的联系更加密切了。知识是发展、社会进步和人类自由的关键因素，在任何领域中，必须允许知识跨越国际界限。知识本身必须全球化。二十一世纪充满希望，因为跨文化合作，尤其是借助新技术，会带来各种契机。我们坚信，随着彼此加深了解，人们会生活在一个尊重彼此文化的世界里。

The United Nations has released population data confirming the continuation of long-term global demographic trends and a larger global population than previously projected. Most of the planet’s people will live in cities. Virtually all expected population growth will be concentrated in the urban areas of poor countries increasing the threat of pollution and epidemic. By 2050, the number of people living in cities will almost be equal to today's world population. Faced with the opportunities and challenges associated with urbanization, many governments have traditionally sought to stem migration to large cities with a host of policies that have proven largely ineffective. Needed, instead, are policies and adaptation strategies to accommodate future urban growth. These must include developing appropriate infrastructure and providing access to basic education and training, health, gainful employment, especially among young people, so that countries can reap the benefits of economies of scale and greater efficiency as well as minimize environmental and other adverse impacts of urban growth.

The practicalities of the economic recovery rate do not differentiate between environmental-sound investment and a recovery based on an increase in energy use and material goods, and more intensive farming. It has become necessary to change the traditional perception of a division of environmental policies and economic well-being, therefore, in turn pursuing the development of a new system based on the environment: environmental taxation; regulation of environmental standards; the establishment of an ecological-economic indicator to determine whether or not sustainability is being adhered to or sacrificed; and finally encouraging the potential green consumer. The task of managing the transition to an environmentally balanced economy over the next few decades becomes the single greatest challenge facing political leaders.Until then, individual communities seeking ways to prevent local ecological and economic disaster, should consider the advantage of investing locally in energy efficiency and alternative energy technologies. By doing so it is possible to improve the economic health of the community, not to mention the environmental well-being. By becoming increasingly self-sufficient they become responsible for the direct impact on their future. Self-sufficiency provides the basis for a more cohesive commune and establishes within the community a sense of pride through their increased ability, stability, and independence.This develops a clear case for self-efficiency. Furthermore, industrial countries must realize their responsibility to reduce and eventually repair their damage. It is also the responsibility of industrial countries to aid developing countries to skip the destructive step, therefore fostering self-sufficiency in these developing countries. If the course of mankind is left to go the way it is going, repairing the damage will prove to be much more costly than attending to avert the damage before it occurs. If we reduce our demand on non-renewable resources then we can reduce our negative impact on the environment and in tune with the earth. Western society needs a renewed perspective, rather than measuring our lives in terms of big cars and fancy living, we need to measure our lives in terms of clean air and healthy living, chemical-free workplaces and a lack of the gross.1. From the information given in the passage, the author’s main concern is that ____.2. In the third paragraph, the author uses the word “self-sufficiency” to mean ____.3. The second paragraph is written primarily to ____.4. From the information in the passage, we can infer that ____.5. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?

Life and intelligence could sustain themselves indefinitely in such a universe, even as the stars blinked and the galaxies were all swallowed by black holes, Dr. Freeman Dyson, a physicist at the Institute for Advanced Study, argued in a landmark paper in 1979. “If my view of the future is correct,” he wrote “it means that the world of physics and astronomy is also inexhaustible, no matter how far we go into the future, there will always be new things happening, new information coming in, new worlds to explore a constantly expanding domain of life, consciousness, and memory.” Now, however, even Dr. Dyson admits that all bets are off. If recent astronomical observations are correct, the future of life and the universe will be far bleaker.In the last four years astronomers have reported evidence that the expansion of the universe is not just continuing but is speeding up, under the influence of a mysterious “dark energy”, an antigravity that seems to be embedded in space itself. If that is true and the universe goes on accelerating, astronomers say, rather than coasting gently into the night, distant galaxies will eventually be moving apart so quickly that they cannot communicate with one another. In effect, it would be like living in the middle of a black hole that kept getting colder. In such a universe, some physicists say, the usual methods of formulating physics may not all apply. Instead of new worlds coming into view old ones would constantly be disappearing over the horizon, lost from view forever.Cosmological knowledge would be fragmented, with different observers doomed to seeing different pieces of the puzzle and no single observer able to know the fate of the whole universe or arrive at a theory of physics that was more than approximate. “There would be a lot of things about the universe that we simply couldn't predict,” said Dr. Thomas Banks, a physicist at the University of California at Santa Cruz. And perhaps most important, starved finally of the energy even to complete a thought or a computation, the domain of life and intelligence would not expand, but compress and eventually vanish like a dwindling echo into the silence of eternity. “I find the fate of a universe that is accelerating forever not very appealing,” said Dr. Edward Witten, a theorist at the Institute for Advanced Study.1. According to Dr. Freeman Dyson, we can conclude which of the following is NOT true?2. From Para. 2, we can see the recent discovery for astronomers is that ____.3. In Para. 2 the word “formulating” could best be replaced by ____.4. Which of the following can appropriately reflect Dr. Edward Witten’s attitude towards the fate of human beings?5. According to the passage, which of the statements about theories of physics and astronomy is true?

An English schoolboy would only ask his friend: “Wassa time then?” To his teacher he would be much more likely to speak in a more standardized accent and ask: “Excuse me, sir, may I have the correct time please?” People are generally aware that the phrases and expressions they use are different from those of earlier generations, but they concede less that their own behavior also varies according to the situation in which they find themselves. People have characteristic ways of talking, which are relatively stable across varying situations. Nevertheless, distinct contexts, and different listeners, demand different patterns of speech from one and the same speaker.Not only this, but, in many cases, the way someone speaks affects the response of the person to whom he is speaking in such a way that “modeling” is seen to occur. This is what Michael Argyle has called “response matching”. Several studies have shown that the more one reveals about oneself in ordinary conversation, and the more intimate these details are, the more personal secrets the other person will divulge.Response matching has, in fact, been noted between two speakers in a number of ways, including how long someone speaks, the length of pauses, speech rate and voice loudness. The correspondence between the length of reporters’ questions when interviewing President Kennedy, and the length of his replies has been shown to have increased over the duration of his 1961-63 news conferences. Argyle says this process may be one of “imitation”. Two American researchers, Jaffe and Feldstein, prefer to think of it as the speaker’s need for equilibrium. Neither of these explanations seems particularly convincing. It may be that response matching can be more profitably considered as an unconscious reflection of speakers’ needs for social integration with one another.This process of modeling the other persons’ speech in a conversation could also be termed speech convergence. It may only be one aspect of a much wider speech change. In other situations speech divergence may occur when certain factors encourage a person to modify his speech away from the individual he is dealing with. For example, a retired brigadier’s wife, renowned for her incessant snobbishness, may return her vehicle to the local garage because of inadequate servicing, voicing her complaint in elaborately phrased, yet mechanically unsophisticated language, with a high soft-pitched voice. These superior airs and graces may simply make the mechanic reply with a flourish of almost incomprehensible technicalities, and in a louder, more deeply-pitched voice than he would have used with a less irritating customer.1. What does the example of the English schoolboy in Paragraph 1 indicate?2. In Paragraph 2, several studies have shown that the more ____, the more personal “secrets” one person will divulge.3. According to the passage, what is the probable reason for the longer replies of President Kennedy?4. The speech of the mechanic addressed to the retired brigadier’s wife is an example of ____.5. Which of the following can be an appropriate heading for the passage?

Without regular supplies of some hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired, and without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify our moods and our actions, our inclination to eat or drink, our aggressiveness or submissiveness, and our reproductive and parental behavior. And hormones do more than influence adult behavior, early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individual’s behavioral capacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some endocrine glands and the body’s changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging.Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. The emergence of endocrinology as a separate discipline can probably be traced to the experiments of Bayliss and Starling on the hormone secretin. This substance is secreted from cells in the intestinal walls when food enters the stomach. It travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas to liberate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cells secrete chemical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant target organs or tissues, Bayliss and Starling demonstrated that chemical integration can occur without participation of the nervous system.The term “hormone” was first used with reference to secretin, Starling derived the term from the Greek hormone, meaning “to excite or set in motion”. The term “endocrine” was introduced shortly thereafter. “Endocrine” is used to refer to glands that secrete products into the bloodstream. The term “endocrine” contrasts with “exocrine”, which is applied to glands that secrete their products through ducts to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands are the tear glands, the sweat glands, and the pancreas, which secretes pancreatic juice through a duct into the intestine Exocrine glands are also called duct glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless glands.1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of hormones?3. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?4. It can be inferred from the passage that, before the Bayliss and Starling’s experiments, most people believed that chemical integration occurred only ____.5. According to the passage, another term for exocrine glands is ____.

Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression of “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offense, society must get even. This can be done only by inflicting an equal injury upon him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal codes and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to administer a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract the denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own life will pay his debt. The exaction of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accomplishing this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume ad normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this passage is ____.2. Hegel would view the death sentence for murder as ____.3. The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the ____.4. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be ____.5. The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to ____.

With so many potential problems perhaps cloning research should be banned. “But this is not a technique _31_ for reproductive purposes,” argues Robert G. Mckinnell, professor of genetics and cell biology at the University of Minnesota. “It is a tool for achieving a new _32_ of biology at the most fundamental level.” Adds Beatrice Mintz, “Our _33_ is not to clone a human being, but to cure human disease.”Already biologists studying the cell’s inner _34_ and the various methods of cloning have made discoveries that may _35_ lead to breakthroughs in the fight against cancer, _36_ of the aging process, and the conquest of more than 100 presently _37_ human genetic diseases. Cloning may also _38_ new strains of livestock. At Yale, _39_, Market is working toward the cloning of such animals as cattle and pigs.To _40_ cloning-related research would mean closing the door to an important area of knowledge. To continue to _41_ the secrets of the cell, _42_, is perhaps to uncover the secret of human cloning. And _43_ the nature of man, if it can be done it will be done, what then is the answer?Says Congressman Rogers, “It is clear that human cloning is _44_ possible. The day when it will be—if ever—is far off. For now, at least, the benefits of cell-biology research _45_ the risks.”

As captain of the ship he had a variety of duties to perform, among which were keeping a record of the ship’s voyage. A B C D