Up to the beginning-希赛网

单选题

Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretion, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretion travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretion ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.
Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Baylisa and Starling showed that it could occur through to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretion, taking it from the Greek word hormone, meaning “to excite” or 66to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced bye one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.

As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.
Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.
In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.
Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits..
1.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to（） .
2.The word it in the second paragraph refers to （）.
3.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to（）
4.To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must （）.
5.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to（） .
6.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to（） .
7.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to（） .
8.The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to （）.
9.Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?
10.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?

问题1选项
A.desire
B.origin
C.science
D.chemical

问题2选项
A.secretion
B.small intestine
C.bloodstream
D.pancreas

问题3选项
A.remembered
B.surprised
C.invented
D.motivated

问题4选项
A.be part of the digestive process
B.influence the operations of the nervous system
C.affect processes in a different part of the body
D.regulate attitudes and behavior

问题5选项
A.whether scientists understand their function
B.how frequently they release hormones into the body
C.whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process
D.whether they secrete chemicals into the blood

问题6选项
A.misunderstood
B.precise
C.significant
D.simple

问题7选项
A.sudden
B.small
C.changing
D.noticeable

问题8选项
A.decreased
B.advertised
C.prescribed
D.researched

问题9选项
A.Adults of smaller statue than normal
B.Adults with strong digestive systems
C.Children who are not at risk from the treatment
D.Children who may remain abnormally small

问题10选项
A.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.
B.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.
C.Hrt may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous becausethey could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form.
D.Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.

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1.词义题。Engine所在句子为: These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion (这些冲动被认为是思想、情感、运动和消化等内部过程的引擎)。desire欲望,要求; origin 起源,原点; science科学; chemical化学的。因此推测B项origin与engine同义。
2.词义题。第二段主要讲的是关于“激素”的问题。
3.词义题。“spurred”所在句为: This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretion(这一发现激发Starling创造了“荷尔蒙”一词来指分泌物)。D项motivate (激励、促进、使有动机)与之意思相近。、
4.细节题。第二段指出: A hormone is a chemical produced bye one tissue to make things happen elsewhere。
5.细节题。根据题干定位至第三段: The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system (胰腺就是这样一个器官，尽管它分泌一些化学物质进入血液，因此也是内分泌系统的一部分)。
6.词义题。定位至第四段: Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death(有些激素在调节身体过程或行为方面起着关键作用，因此没用的话会导致立即死亡)。因此C项significant与key意思相近。
7.词义题。定位至第四段: Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child (即使是微量的正确的化学物质也能抑制食欲，平息侵略，改变父母对孩子的态度)。因此B项small与minute意思相近。
8.词义题。定位至第五段: Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence (面对这一新的证据，一些人力资源技术的支持者已经缓和/减少了他们的热情)。因此A项decrease含义最为接近。
9.细节题。最后一段指出:Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own (对于那些自身分泌量异常低的患者,可能会增加他们的生长激素)。
10.细节题。通过第五段可知,A项(激素的数量和比例随着年龄的增长而变化，因此科学家们对内分泌系统随时间的变化进行了大量的研究，以期减轻与衰老有关的疾病)正确。

请阅读以下文段，为提问选择最佳选项：My generation had it easy. We got to "find" a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to "invent" a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.What is implied in the fourth paragraph?

请阅读以下段落，为题目选择最佳答案We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a shorter week will be maintained. We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure class. Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began. They will be little better off when it is over. Their support must come from the taxpayer. It is surely too much to hope that these increases in the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities.【河北师范大学2016/首都经济贸易大学2016年/西南财经大学2011年】The public agencies for adult education will be little better off because ______.

Passage B研究表明，使用因特网可能会导致心理健康的下降。上网次数多的人与较少的人相比，这种可能性有明显差异。这不是说已经有不良感觉的人在网上花费了更多的时间，而是说使用因特网似乎确实诱发了人们的不良感觉。研究人员对这些结果感到困惑，因为这与他们的预料截然相反。他们预测，和看电视相比，从社交角度来说，上网可能更健康一些，因为网络允许使用者选择自己需要的信息并且和别人进行交流。

Passage B教育的主要目标之一就是给未来的公民准备好他们在成人社会占有一席之地所需要的一切。当今的成人社会由男人和女人组成，所以男女分开的学校怎么可能为他们的将来做好恰当的准备呢？男女同校的教育给孩子提供的完全是现实社会的真实缩影。男孩女孩都有机会互相了解，有机会学着从小在一起生活。在这里，他们可以在学习能力、体育运动成绩和许多课外活动方面进行相互比较，这些都是学校生活的一部分。

Power to grow depends upon need for others and plasticity. Both of these conditions are at their height in childhood and youth. Plasticity or the power to learn from experience means the formation of habits. Habits give control over the environment, power to utilize it for human purposes. Habits take the form both of habituation, or a general and persistent balance of organic activities with the surroundings, and of active capacities to readjust activity to meet new conditions. The former furnishes the background of growth; the latter constitute growing. Active habits involve thought, invention, and initiative in applying capacities to new aims. They are opposed to routine which marks an arrest of growth. Since growth is the characteristic of life, education is all one with growing; it has no end beyond itself. The criterion of the value of school education is the extent in which it creates a desire for continued growth and supplies means for making the desire effective in fact.

The concept of learning throughout life thus emerges as one of the keys to the twenty-first century. It goes beyond the traditional distinction between initial and continuing education. It meets the challenges posed by a rapidly changing world. This is not a new insight, since previous reports on education have emphasized the need for people to return to education in order to deal with new situations arising in their personal and working lives. That need is still felt and is even becoming stronger. The only way of satisfying it is for each individual to learn how to learn.But there is a further requirement: the far-reaching changes in the traditional patterns of life require of us a better understanding of other people and the world at large: they demand mutual understanding, peaceful interchange and, indeed, harmony—the very things that are most lacking in our world today.Having adopted this position, the Commission has put greater emphasis on one of the four pillars that it proposes and describes as the foundations of education: learning to live together, by developing an understanding of others and their history, traditions and spiritual values and, on this basis, creating a new spirit which guided by recognition of our growing interdependence and a common analysis of the risks and challenges of the future, would induce people to implement common projects or to manage the inevitable conflicts in an intelligent and peaceful way. Utopia, some might think, but it is a necessary Utopia, indeed a vital one if we are to escape from a dangerous cycle sustained by cynicism or by resignation.

The principle of the Education 2030 Framework for Action by UNESCO include: Education is a fundamental human right and an enabling right. To fulfil this right, countries must ensure universal equal access to inclusive and equitable quality education and learning, which should be free and compulsory, leaving no one behind. Education shall aim at the full development of the human personality and promote mutual understanding, tolerance, friendship and peace. Education is a public good, of which the state is the duty bearer. Education is a shared societal endeavor, which implies an inclusive process of public policy formulation and implementation. Civil society, teachers and educators, the private sector, communities, families, youth and children all have important roles in realizing the right to quality education. The role of the state is essential in setting and regulating standards and norms. Gender equality is inextricably linked to the right to education for all. Achieving gender equality requires a rights-based approach that ensures that girls and boys, women and men not only gain access to and complete education cycles, but are empowered equally in and through education.

Passage 3How is communication actually achieved? It depends, of course, either on a common language or on known conventions, or at least on the beginnings of these. But often, especially with original artists and thinkers, the problem is in one way that of creating a language, or creating a convention, or at least of developing the language and conventions to the point where they are capable of bearing his precise meaning. In literature, in music, in the visual arts, in the sciences, in social thinking, in philosophy, this kind of development has occurred again and again. It often takes a long time to get through, and for many people it will remain difficult. But we need never think that it is impossible; creative energy is much more powerful than we sometimes suppose. While a man is engaged in this struggle to say new things in new ways, he is usually more than ever concentrated on the actual work, and not on its possible audience. Many artists and scientists share this fundamental unconcern about the ways in which their work will be received.In this sense it is true that it is the duty of society to create conditions in which such men can live. For whatever the value of any individual contribution, the general body of work is of immense value to everyone. But of course things are not so formal, in reality. There is not society on the one hand and these individuals on the other. In ordinary living, and in his work, the contributor shares in the life of his society, which often affects him both in minor ways and in ways sometimes so deep that he is not even aware of them. His ability to make his work public depends on the actual communication system: the language itself, or certain visual or musical or scientific conventions, and the institutions through which the communication will be passed. The effect of these on his actual work can be almost infinitely variable. For it is not only a communication system outside him: it is also, however original he may be, a communication system which is in fact part of himself. Many contributors make active use of this kind of internal communication system. It is to themselves, in a way, that they first show their conceptions, play their music, present their arguments. If one mind has grasped it, then it may be open to other minds.The historian is also continually struck by the fact that men of this kind felt isolated at the very time when in reality they were beginning to get through. This can also be noticed in our own time, when some of the most deeply influential men feel isolated and even rejected. The society and the communication are there, but it is difficult to recognize them, difficult to be sure.61.Creative artists and thinkers achieve communication by ________.62.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ________.63.A common characteristic of artists and scientists involved in creative work is that ________.64.According to the text, which of the following statements is NOT true?65.It is implied at the end of the text that highly original individuals feel isolated because they ________.

Work is a very important part of life in the United States. When the early Protestant immigrants came to this country, they brought the idea that work was the way to God and heaven. This attitude, the Protestant work ethic, still influences America today. Work is not only important for economic benefits, the salary, but also for social and psychological needs, the feeling of doing something for the good of the society. Americans spend most of their lives working, being productive. For most Americans, their work defines them; they are what they do. What happens, then when a person can no longer work?Most Americans stop working at age sixty-five or seventy and retire. Because work is such an important part of life in this culture, retirement can be very difficult. Retirees often feel that they are useless and unproductive. Of course, some people are happy to retire; but leaving one’s job, whatever it is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring. Many retirees do not know how to use their time or they feel lost without jobs.Retirement can also bring financial problems. Many people rely on Social Security checks every month. During their working years, employees contribute a certain percentage of their salaries to the government. When people retire, they receive this money as income. These checks do not provide enough money to live on, however, because prices are increasing very rapidly. Senior citizens, those over sixty-five, have to have savings in the bank or other retirement plans to make ends meet. The rate of inflation is forcing prices higher each year; Social Security checks alone cannot cover Medicare (health care) and welfare (general assistance) but many senior citizens have to change their lifestyles after retirement. They have to spend carefully to be sure that they can afford to buy food, fuel, and other necessities.Of course, many senior citizens are happy with retirement. They have time to spend with their families or to enjoy their hobbies. Some continue to work part time; others do volunteer work. Some, like those in the Retired Business Executives Association, even help young people to get started in new business. Many retired citizens also belong to “Golden Age” groups. These organizations plan trips and social events. There are many opportunities for retirees.American society is only beginning to be concerned about the special physical and emotional needs of its senior citizens. The government is taking steps to ease the problem of limited income. They are building new housing, offering discounts in stores and museums and on buses, and providing other services, such as free courses, food service, and help with housework.Retired citizens are a rapidly growing percentage of the population. This part of the population is very important and we must respond to their needs. After all, every citizen will be a senior citizen some day.1.The early immigrants considered work ________.2.Why do Americans like working? Because working ________.3.We can safely put forward that retirees who ________.4.According to the passage the government ________.5.Which of the following is not steps taken for the benefit of senior citizens by the government?